For real and , writing gives a gradient flow with potential . The origin has exponential asymptotic stability for , is algebraically attracting at equality, and is unstable above it. Nonzero stable equilibria are the real pair for , or the imaginary pair for , when their squared amplitudes are positive. Differentiating the two real equations gives eigenvalues on the real branch and on the imaginary branch. For , gives a radially attracting circle with neutral phase, so individual equilibrium points have Lyapunov stability but are not individually asymptotically attracting.
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