Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2004 iii Paper 11 1 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Use and interpret the printed overlap term as ; its unindexed are a typographical slip. Take , as usual. If necessary, deleting from its own neighbourhood gives the proof below with a smaller nonnegative right-hand side, so the stated bound still follows.
If , every indicator is zero almost surely and the Poisson distribution with parameter zero is the same point mass. Suppose . For any , put and let have Poisson distribution with mean . Solve the Poisson Stein equationFor example, for one can takeThe full weighted sum is zero, so using its complementary tail also shows this solution is bounded. The allowed Stein factor is , where .
DefineJoint independence of from all events outside its neighbourhood makes independent of , so . Adding and subtracting those terms givesA difference over integer steps has magnitude at most . In the first sum the step count is ; in the second, on , it is . Consequently the absolute value is at mostThe Stein equation identifies the left side with . Taking the supremum over is the definition of total variation distance, proving the Stein-Chen bound with the Poisson Stein factor:
For the random uniform hypergraph, index indicators by four-vertex sets. Each such set is a hypergraph clique exactly when its four triples are all present, so its probability is . Distinct sets use disjoint triple indicators unless their intersection has size three; disjoint underlying trials give the required joint independence. A fixed four-set has dependent others, and each overlapping pair requires seven distinct triples, with joint probability . Thus, with and , the bracket isSince ,This calculation applies for and ; if or , the count and its Poisson parameter are zero and the conclusion is immediate.