Study of the succession and relationships of rock layers. A relative sequence of deposition and disturbance does not by itself give an absolute numerical age.
A mappable body of rock distinguished by its lithological characteristics and stratigraphic relations. Similar proportions of a few mineral categories do not uniquely identify a formation: different rock units can share those proportions, while sampling or alteration can vary within one unit.
A distinguishable layer within a soil profile formed by soil processes. A buried horizon can mark a stable former surface and help separate phases of deposition and fault slip.
An ordered sequence of sedimentary deposits whose relationships record changing environments and geological events.
A surface separating deposits across a gap in the geological record. In an angular unconformity, differently oriented strata can record deposition, deformation, removal of material and renewed deposition.[ref]

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