Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 ia Paper 4 9C Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
Let be the cylindrical unit vectors. The surface has an upward normal vector proportional to . If is the vertical component of the normal force, its radial component is . In the stated approximation, vertical acceleration and the vertical driving-force component are neglected, so vertical balance gives . The horizontal contact force is consequently . The projected velocity and its speed areThe driving force is parallel to this velocity, with components and . Use the acceleration in polar coordinates and Newton's second law to obtainThese equations apply where ; at rest the direction of an exactly velocity-aligned drive is not determined.
For a prescribed path, write , . The chain rule gives and . Subtract times the azimuthal equation from the radial equation. The driving force and both cancel:Thus the constraint for tangentially driven motion on an axisymmetric surface isThe denominator must give a nonnegative squared speed, and the calculation uses . At the polar origin a limiting Cartesian description is appropriate.
For the paraboloid and Archimedean spiral, putThen, for ,The branch tending to has positive angular velocity, henceSince , solve the azimuthal equation for the required force:This is positive for , consistent with a forward drive. Taking the limit gives
These are the large-time limits of the printed projected equations. Their mechanical approximation has a precise range limitation: on the exact surface, gives , which along this solution grows like . At fixed positive , it is not small as . Thus the requested limits are formal limits of that reduced model; neglect of vertical motion is not a uniform approximation to the full three-dimensional motion all the way to infinity.