Past exam of the chemistry course of the year 4 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2021 / Interdisciplinary paper IDP1 / 3 / b / v / Solution 2026-10-20
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The logarithmic forcing relation implies decreasing incremental forcing per additional ppm, explaining the two annual-increment results. It does not imply that a higher total carbon dioxide burden requires less compensation relative to a fixed original climate. The chosen reference and whether an end-of-year, mean-year or steady maintained aerosol burden is intended must remain explicit.
The numerical mass estimates use an unusually simple, stipulated constant albedo-per-mass calibration. Real particle size and lifetime change with loading, aerosol coagulation, injection altitude/latitude and circulation. Sulfate absorbs radiation as well as scattering it and changes stratospheric chemistry. A global-mean shortwave/longwave radiative forcing balance also need not reproduce regional temperature, rainfall or transient ocean heat uptake; it does not undo CO2-driven acidification. Chemistry–climate simulations explicitly resolve some of these competing aerosol-size, temperature and ozone effects.[ref]
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