Permanent dimensional change accumulated over temperature cycles. anisotropic thermal expansion can create mismatch stresses in a polycrystalline material, but noncancelling irreversible accommodation is needed for net growth; a freely expanding, uniformly heated elastic single crystal returns to its original dimensions.
Progressive residual deformation over thermal cycles when thermal mismatch or constraints are accommodated irreversibly in a noncancelling way. plasticity, creep or damage may contribute; not every cyclic plastic response ratchets indefinitely.
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