Trypan blue is an organic dye used as a membrane-exclusion indicator in cell studies. Cells with sufficiently intact plasma membranes generally exclude the dye, whereas membrane-compromised cells can become stained.
The observation reports membrane permeability under the measurement conditions. It does not by itself measure every aspect of cellular function, making it a useful example of the distinction between an experimental readout and the broader biological property inferred from it.
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