A boson with spin one. A massive vector boson has three physical particle polarizations. A complex Proca field describes a charged particle and its antiparticle, each with three particle polarizations; the free classical field has three complex dynamical components after its constraints are enforced.

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  1. Boson
  2. Indistinguishable particles
  3. Particle exchange operator
  4. Multiparticle quantum state
  5. Tensor product of quantum systems
  6. Quantum mechanics
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