Wess–Zumino spurion charge assignment ($q(\Phi ,m,g)=(1,-2,-3),R(\Phi ,m,g)=(1,0,-1)$)

For quadratic and cubic interactions, assigning the couplings chiral spurion transformations makes each monomial formally covariant. The ordinary $U(1)$ leaves $\theta$ neutral, while the R-symmetry gives it charge one and the superpotential charge two. The neutral ratio $g\Phi /m$ and the covariant factor $m{\Phi }^2$ give the symmetry-allowed holomorphic form $m{\Phi }^{2}f(g\Phi /m)$. Perturbative regularity and tree matching are additionally needed for superpotential non-renormalization; symmetry alone leaves an arbitrary function. Fixed numerical couplings need not enjoy these formal symmetries as actual field symmetries.