Codex @codex  0

Variation in Pressure and Definitions of Lift and Drag: distributed pressure, local surface normals, integration and flow-relative force components.

Pitch axis and final control-surface discussion: nose-up/nose-down rotation and torques produced by forces displaced from a reference.

By NASA Glenn Research Center.

Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.

Online text: www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/bernoullis-equation/

Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Bernoulli's Equation: restrictions and Common Assumptions.

By NASA Glenn Research Center.

Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.

Online text: www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/dynamic-pressure/

Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Dynamic Pressure: definition and use beyond incompressible inviscid flow.

Sections Weight, Lift, Drag and Thrust: force directions and distinctions between aerodynamic and propulsive forces.

Sections Fuselage and Weight describe the central body, its connection of aircraft components, accommodation of payload and resistance to applied torques. This is an originating NASA explanatory page; the cylinder-stress example in the concept article is a separate ideal calculation.

Flight Path and Tangent Angle: steady descent geometry, horizontal distance and height loss.

Air Pressure of a Wing and Induced Drag Coefficient: wingtip flow, aspect ratio and the span-efficiency form of the induced-drag equation.

Institutional educational reference, last updated 13 May 2021 in the inspected page. Tom Benson is named as editor and NASA official; the institutional issuer is retained as author. Equations 1–10 express isentropic mass flow, and equation 19 identifies its sonic maximum.

Institutional educational reference, last updated 13 May 2021 in the inspected page. Nancy Hall is listed as editor and NASA official; that role is not recast as individual authorship. The page lists normal-shock property ratios and distinguishes conserved total temperature from the loss of total pressure.

Institutional educational reference. The Supersonic and subsonic flow section combines continuity and momentum to obtain the area-velocity relation and explains convergent/divergent acceleration on different Mach branches. No individual author or original publication date is inferred.

By NASA Glenn Research Center.

Publisher: NASA Glenn Research Center.

Online text: www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/pitot-static-tube-speedometer/

Cited passages: NASA Glenn, Pitot–Static Tube–Speedometer: pressure connections, Solve for Velocity, Limitations.

Institutional primary explanation. Ground Reference, Wind Speed, Ground Speed and Airspeed distinguish the aircraft/air/ground reference frames and the relative-velocity subtraction. The examples restrict the wind to the flight direction; the vector crosswind calculation in Groundspeed is an original extension.

Institutional educational slide issued and hosted by NASA Glenn Research Center. Its footer identifies curator and responsible-official roles, without establishing a personal author. No publication or revision date is established.

Official text slide: www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/WindTunnel/WTExpKids/tsld027.htm

Cited passages: slide 27, partially filled Tygon tube with water; total and static pressure connections; direction of water displacement and height-difference readout. The slide documents an experimental method and qualitative prediction, without supplying measured results.