Let be a Cartan subalgebra of a finite-dimensional complex Lie algebra . In the adjoint generalized-weight decomposition for a nilpotent Lie algebra, its zero summand satisfies . Nilpotence gives . If were nonzero, all adjoint operators of on this quotient would be nilpotent, so the Engel theorem would supply a nonzero coset with . That contradicts self-normalization. The derivation rule ensures that is a subalgebra, so the quotient action is well-defined.
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