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Zephyr is cool. Its installation setup is annoying. But the project is cool.
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Signaling theory Updated 2025-07-16
Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory Updated 2025-07-16
What they presented on richard Feynman's first seminar in 1941. Does not include quantum mechanics it seems.
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Ethnic minorities in China Updated 2025-07-16
These minorities actually had different legal statuses, e.g. they were exempt from the One Child Policy.
Exif tag Updated 2025-07-16
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Number of elements of an elliptic curve over a finite field Updated 2025-07-16
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Gaussian function Updated 2025-07-16
Kibble balance Updated 2025-07-16
The Kibble balance is so precise and reproducible that it was responsible for the 2019 redefinition of the Kilogram.
NIST-4 Kibble balance
. Source. It relies rely on not one, but three macroscopic quantum mechanical effects:How cool is that! As usual, the advantage of those effects is that they are discrete, and have very fixed values that don't depend either:One downside of using some quantum mechanical effects is that you have to cool everything down to 5K. But that's OK, we've got liquid helium!
- atomic spectra: basis for the caesium standard which produces precise time and frequency
- Josephson effect: basis for the Josephson voltage standard, which produces precise voltage
- quantum Hall effect: basis for the quantum Hall effect, which produces precise electrical resistance
- on the physical dimensions of any apparatus (otherwise fabrication precision would be an issue)
- small variations of temperature, magnetic field and so on
The operating principle is something along:Then, based on all this, you can determine how much the object weights.
- generate a precise frequency with a signal generator, ultimately calibrated by the Caesium standard
- use that precise frequency to generate a precise voltage with a Josephson voltage standard
- convert that precise voltage into a precise electric current by using the quantum Hall effect, which produces a very precise electrical resistance
- use that precise current to generate a precise force on the object your weighing, pushing it against gravity
- then you precisely measure both:
- local gravity with a gravimeter
- the displacement acceleration of the object with a laser setup
- youtu.be/ZfNygYuuVAE?t=854: they don't actually use the Quantum Hall effect device during operation, they only use it to calibrate other non-quantum resistors
Once more unto the breach Updated 2025-07-16
On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum Updated 2025-07-16
The Planck's law paper.
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