The most important thing this project provides appears to be the
.onnx file format, which represents ANN models, pre-trained or not.Deep learning frameworks can then output such
.onnx files for interchangeability and serialization.Some examples:
- activatedgeek/LeNet-5 produces a trained
.onnxfrom PyTorch - MLperf v2.1 ResNet can use
.onnxas a pre-trained model
The cool thing is that ONNX can then run inference in an uniform manner on a variety of devices without installing the deep learning framework used for. It's a bit like having a kind of portable executable. Neat.
The mandatory xkcd: xkcd 927: Standards.
Experiments to measure it:
The 2019 redefinition of the SI base units defines it precisely and uses it as a measure of charge: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units#Ampere
Let's break down a minimal runnable Linux x86-64 example:
hello_world.asm
section .data
hello_world db "Hello world!", 10
hello_world_len equ $ - hello_world
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov rax, 1
mov rdi, 1
mov rsi, hello_world
mov rdx, hello_world_len
syscall
mov rax, 60
mov rdi, 0
syscallCompiled with:
nasm -w+all -f elf64 -o 'hello_world.o' 'hello_world.asm'
ld -o 'hello_world.out' 'hello_world.o'TODO: use a minimal linker script with
-T to be more precise and minimal.Versions:
- NASM 2.10.09
- Binutils version 2.24 (contains
ld) - Ubuntu 14.04
We don't use a C program as that would complicate the analysis, that will be level 2 :-)
There are no known eukaryotes which never had mitochondria Updated 2025-03-28 +Created 1970-01-01
As of 2020, there are no known eukaryotes which have never had mitochondria.
Known eukaryotes without mitochondria, which are very rare, have lost mitochondria they previously had.
Having mitochondria appears to be a requisite for being an eukaryote. This is one of the central thesis of Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane (2006).
TODO is there a publicly visible list?
Some interesting analysis by Parth Shukla twitter.com/pparth | www.linkedin.com/in/parth-shukla-59583b20/:
Apparently most of the routers were Chinese. No surprise there.
An ELF file contains the following parts:
- ELF header. Points to the position of the section header table and the program header table.
- Section header table (optional on executable). Each has
e_shnumsection headers, each pointing to the position of a section. - N sections, with
N <= e_shnum(optional on executable) - Program header table (only on executable). Each has
e_phnumprogram headers, each pointing to the position of a segment. - N segments, with
N <= e_phnum(only on executable)
The order of those parts is not fixed: the only fixed thing is the ELF header that must be the first thing on the file: Generic docs say:
Although the figure shows the program header table immediately after the ELF header, and the section header table following the sections, actual files may differ. Moreover, sections and segments have no specified order. Only the ELF header has a fixed position in the file.
In pictures: sample object file with three sections:
+-------------------+
| ELF header |---+
+---------> +-------------------+ | e_shoff
| | |<--+
| Section | Section header 0 |
| | |---+ sh_offset
| Header +-------------------+ |
| | Section header 1 |---|--+ sh_offset
| Table +-------------------+ | |
| | Section header 2 |---|--|--+
+---------> +-------------------+ | | |
| Section 0 |<--+ | |
+-------------------+ | | sh_offset
| Section 1 |<-----+ |
+-------------------+ |
| Section 2 |<--------+
+-------------------+But nothing (except sanity) prevents the following topology:
+-------------------+
| ELF header |---+ e_shoff
+-------------------+ |
| Section 1 |<--|--+
+---------> +-------------------+ | |
| | |<--+ | sh_offset
| Section | Section header 0 | |
| | |------|---------+
| Header +-------------------+ | |
| | Section header 1 |------+ |
| Table +-------------------+ |
| | Section header 2 |---+ | sh_offset
+---------> +-------------------+ | sh_offset |
| Section 2 |<--+ |
+-------------------+ |
| Section 0 |<---------------+
+-------------------+But some newbies may prefer PNGs :-)
We will get into more detail later, but it is good to have it in mind now:
- section: exists before linking, in object files.One ore more sections will be put inside a single segment by the linker.Major information sections contain for the linker: is this section:
- raw data to be loaded into memory, e.g.
.data,.text, etc. - or metadata about other sections, that will be used by the linker, but disappear at runtime e.g.
.symtab,.srttab,.rela.text
- raw data to be loaded into memory, e.g.
- segment: exists after linking, in the executable file.Contains information about how each segment should be loaded into memory by the OS, notably location and permissions.
News aggregators:
Personal websites:
General Embryology review in 20 minutes by Medical Animations (2020)
Source. Completely devoid of passion, but once you already have the I should have loved biology by James Somers mindset, it's OK.There is also a time-energy uncertainty principle, because those two operators are also complementary.
When non-specialists say "Ethernet cable", they usually mean twisted pair for Ethernet over twisted pair.
But of course, this term is much more generic to a more specialized person, since notably fiber optics are also extensively used in Ethernet over fiber.
In 2019, OpenAI transitioned from non-profit to for-profit
- www.technologyreview.com/2020/02/17/844721/ai-openai-moonshot-elon-musk-sam-altman-greg-brockman-messy-secretive-reality/ "The AI moonshot was founded in the spirit of transparency. This is the inside story of how competitive pressure eroded that idealism."
- archive.ph/wXBtB How OpenAI Sold its Soul for $1 Billion
- www.reddit.com/r/GPT3/comments/n2eo86/is_gpt3_open_source/
The unique group referred to at: every Lie algebra has a unique single corresponding simply connected Lie group.
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