Starting in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the elementary charge is assigned a fixed number, and the Ampere is based on it and on the second, which is beautiful.
This choice is not because we attempt to count individual electrons going through a wire, as it would be far too many to count!
Rather, it is because because there are two crazy quantum mechanical effects that give us macroscopic measures that are directly related to the electron charge. www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/ampere/ampere-quantum-metrology-triangle by the NIST explains that the two effects are:
Those effect work because they also involve dividing by the Planck constant, the fundamental constant of quantum mechanics, which is also tiny, and thus brings values into a much more measurable order of size.
Allotrope by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Single chemical element, single phase (usually solid), but different 3D structures.
The prototypical examples are the allotropes of carbon such as diamond vs graphite.
Zeta (letter) by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Lower case looks like the mouth shape when you say Z, with mouth open, and you can even see the little tongue going down. Beauty.
Rho by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
This one is a little confusing: the upper case looks exactly like a letter P, but as the name suggests, it actually corresponds to the letter R. The letter P corresponds to pi instead.
One of the most nerve wrecking movies ever made. Until they decide to rescue their colleague from jail, then it just becomes too surreal.
Pulse width modulation by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
GPIO generally only supports discrete outputs.
But for some types of hardware, like LEDs and some motors, the system has some inertia, and if you switch on and off fast enough, you get a result similar to having an intermediate voltage.
So with pulse width modulation we can fake analog output from digital output in a good enough manner.

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