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The observer-expectancy effect, also known as the experimenter-expectancy effect or Rosenthal effect, refers to a cognitive bias that occurs when a researcher's expectations or beliefs about the outcome of a study subtly influence the behavior of participants, which in turn affects the results of the research.

A shim is a thin, typically wedge-shaped piece of material used to fill in gaps or spaces between objects, provide support, or create a level surface. Shims can be made from various materials, including wood, metal, plastic, or composite materials, depending on the application. Shims are commonly used in construction, woodworking, machinery alignment, and many other fields. For example, in flooring installations, shims might be used to level out the floorboards.

Boris Hessen (1893-1936) was a Soviet physicist and philosopher, best known for his contributions to the philosophy of science. He was born in Ukraine and became a prominent figure in the early Soviet scientific community. Hessen is particularly noted for his work on the relationship between science and society, emphasizing the socio-political context of scientific developments.

The Flight-time equivalent dose (FTED) is a concept used primarily in the field of space radiation and aviation medicine to estimate the amount of ionizing radiation that a person is exposed to during a flight, particularly on high-altitude or long-duration flights. This measurement helps assess the potential health risks associated with radiation exposure for airline crew members and passengers.

Multicopy single-stranded DNA refers to a type of nucleic acid that exists as multiple identical or nearly identical copies in a single cell or organism and is in a single-stranded form. This concept can be relevant in several contexts, particularly in molecular biology and genetics.

Target-site overlap refers to a phenomenon in genetics and molecular biology, particularly in the context of transposable elements (or "transposons") and gene insertion events. It occurs when a transposable element inserts itself into a genomic region that either overlaps with or is in close proximity to existing genes or gene regulatory sequences.

The Tn3 transposon, also known as Tn3, is a type of mobile genetic element that belongs to the category of transposons or "jumping genes." It was first discovered in the bacterium *Escherichia coli* and is well-studied due to its role in antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms of transposition.

Transposable elements (TEs), often referred to as "jumping genes," are DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome of a single cell. This ability to move or "transpose" can lead to various effects on the organism, including gene regulation, genetic diversity, and evolution.

Tre recombinase is an enzyme that belongs to the family of site-specific recombinases, which are proteins that catalyze the rearrangement of specific DNA sequences. Tre recombinase is derived from the bacteriophage T4 and is known for its ability to mediate the recombination of DNA sequences at defined sites. This enzyme recognizes specific DNA substrates, facilitating processes such as inversion, deletion, or integration of DNA segments.

Trizol, or TRIzol reagent, is a widely used reagent in molecular biology for the isolation of RNA, DNA, and proteins from biological samples. It is a phenol-based solution that facilitates the extraction of nucleic acids and proteins by separating them into different phases when mixed with a biological sample and subsequently centrifuged.

URA3 is a gene commonly used as a selectable marker in yeast genetic and molecular biology studies, particularly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). The URA3 gene encodes an enzyme called orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which is involved in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.

Veterinary virology is a specialized branch of veterinary medicine that focuses on the study of viruses that infect animals. This field encompasses various aspects, including the identification, characterization, and understanding of viral pathogens that cause diseases in domestic and wild animals. Veterinary virologists investigate the biology of these viruses, including their structure, genetics, and mechanisms of infection, as well as their interactions with the host's immune system.

As of my last update in October 2023, "Virokine" does not refer to a widely recognized term or a specific product in mainstream science or medicine. It's possible that it could be a term related to antiviral therapy, a novel biotechnology product, or a proprietary drug under development that has emerged after my last knowledge update.

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007) was a prominent German physicist, philosopher, and one of the leading figures in post-World War II science and ethics discussions. He made significant contributions to various fields, including nuclear physics, and was notably involved in the German uranium project during World War II. Post-war, Weizsäcker became known for his work on the ethical implications of nuclear energy and its uses, including arms control and nuclear disarmament.

Holonomy is a concept from differential geometry and mathematical physics that describes the behavior of parallel transport around closed loops in a manifold. It provides insight into the geometric properties of the space, including curvature and how certain geometric structures behave under parallel transport.

A threaded insert, also known as a threaded bushing or threaded socket, is a fastener that provides a threaded hole for screws or bolts in materials that are soft, brittle, or otherwise incapable of holding threads on their own. Threaded inserts are commonly used in applications where a strong, secure, and reliable connection is necessary, and they are particularly useful in situations where the base material may wear out over time or may not have the required strength to hold a screw.

Gene targeting is a molecular biology technique used to create specific modifications in the genome of an organism. It allows researchers to alter, delete, or insert genes at precise locations in the DNA sequence. This method is particularly valuable in functional genomics and gene therapy, as it enables the study of gene function and the modeling of genetic diseases.

Inverse Polymerase Chain Reaction (Inverse PCR or iPCR) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific DNA segment that is flanked by known sequences, particularly when the region of interest has unknown boundaries. This technique is especially useful for cloning and analyzing DNA sequences adjacent to a known sequence, such as identifying genomic locations or studying gene structures.

Nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) is a modification of the standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that is designed to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the amplification of a target DNA sequence. It involves two consecutive rounds of PCR using two sets of primers. ### Steps Involved in Nested PCR: 1. **First Round of PCR**: - The first set of primers (outer primers) is used to amplify a larger target region of the DNA.

In molecular biology, "sense" refers to the orientation or directionality of a nucleic acid strand relative to its coding capacity. Specifically, it often describes how the sequences of nucleotides are read and the resultant protein synthesis from DNA and RNA.