Stephen Thorndike doesn't appear to be a widely recognized individual in popular culture, history, or academia as of my last knowledge update in October 2021. However, you may be referring to Edward L. Thorndike, who is a prominent figure in psychology known for his work on the laws of learning and for formulating the Law of Effect, which is fundamental in behaviorism.
Geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) is a branch of fluid dynamics that focuses on the behavior of fluids in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, as well as in other planetary environments. It combines principles from fluid mechanics, geophysics, and applied mathematics to study the motion of large-scale fluid systems influenced by the Earth's rotation, gravity, and other geophysical forces.
The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) was an international research program established in the late 1980s to investigate the role of the oceans in the global carbon cycle and to better understand the biological and physical processes that drive oceanic carbon fluxes. The program aimed to quantify how carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, and how this process affects climate change and marine ecosystems.
The Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) refers to a region of the ocean that has significantly reduced concentrations of dissolved oxygen compared to surrounding areas. These zones are typically found in the deeper waters of the ocean, often between about 200 meters and 1,000 meters in depth, although the specific depth can vary depending on the location and oceanographic conditions.
The subtropical front, also known as the subtropical jet stream, is a boundary located in the middle latitudes of the atmosphere, typically between the latitudes of approximately 20° to 40° in both hemispheres. It represents a transition zone between the warmer, more stable air of the tropics and the cooler, more variable air of the mid-latitudes.
Steve Carlip is a prominent theoretical physicist known for his work in the field of quantum gravity and its relationship with general relativity. He is particularly noted for his contributions to the understanding of black holes, spacetime, and the nature of the universe at a fundamental level. Carlip has also written extensively on the topics of quantum gravity and the physics of lower-dimensional models, and he has been involved in educational efforts to communicate complex scientific concepts to broader audiences.
Lanthanide contraction refers to the phenomenon where the atomic and ionic radii of the lanthanide series elements (the 15 elements from lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu) in the periodic table) decrease progressively with increasing atomic number, despite the addition of electrons to the 4f subshell. This contraction is primarily caused by the ineffective shielding of the increasing nuclear charge by the 4f electrons.