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Scaled Composites Proteus is a unique aircraft designed for high-altitude, long-endurance missions. Developed by Scaled Composites, a company known for its innovative aerospace designs, Proteus features a distinct configuration with a long wingspan and a fuselage that allows it to operate at altitudes of around 60,000 feet (18,300 meters).

The TOtable Tornado Observatory (T2O) is a mobile scientific facility designed to conduct research on tornadoes and severe weather events. It provides scientists and meteorologists with the ability to observe and collect data in real-time during tornado events. The observatory typically includes advanced instruments for measuring various atmospheric conditions, high-speed cameras, and other tools that help in understanding the dynamics of tornado formation, behavior, and their impacts.

The Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (HRICE) is a field campaign designed to study the relationship between hurricane rainbands and the intensity changes of tropical cyclones. Launched as part of a broader effort to improve the understanding of hurricane dynamics and forecasting, HRICE primarily aims to investigate how rainbands influence the overall structure and evolution of hurricanes.

The Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program was a significant international research initiative that aimed to improve the understanding of the interactions between the tropical oceans and the atmosphere, and their influence on climate variability and change. It was established by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) in the late 1970s and ran from 1985 to 1994.

The vertical distribution of ice in Arctic clouds refers to how ice crystals are distributed within different layers of the atmosphere, particularly in cloud formations that contain ice in polar regions such as the Arctic. This distribution is important for understanding various atmospheric processes, including climate change, cloud dynamics, and precipitation patterns.

A nonstandard finite difference scheme is a numerical method used for approximating solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs), particularly those arising in the context of time-dependent problems. It extends traditional finite difference methods by employing non-standard discretization techniques that allow for greater flexibility and improved stability and accuracy in certain contexts.

An optical spectrometer is an instrument used to measure the properties of light across a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This device primarily analyzes the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Optical spectrometers can be utilized to examine various materials or phenomena by providing insights into the composition, structure, and other characteristics of the sample being studied. Key components of an optical spectrometer typically include: 1. **Light Source**: Provides the light needed for analysis.

Optomyography is a technique used to study muscle activity and function by utilizing optical methods. It typically involves the measurement of muscle contractions and movements using optical sensors, which can detect changes in light or other optical signals associated with muscle activity. This approach can provide valuable insights into muscle performance, biomechanics, and neurological function. The primary advantage of optomyography is its non-invasive nature, allowing for real-time monitoring of muscle activity without the need for electrodes or invasive procedures.

Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is a type of turbulence that occurs in clear air, typically at high altitudes, and is often associated with jet streams or weather fronts. Unlike turbulence that occurs in turbulent weather conditions with visible clouds or storms, CAT can happen suddenly and without warning in clear skies, making it challenging for pilots to detect and avoid.

Wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind is blowing. It is typically measured in degrees from true north (0 degrees) and expressed in cardinal terms (e.g., north, south, east, west) or more specifically in terms of points on a compass (e.g., northeast, southeast). For instance: - A wind coming from the north would be referred to as a "north wind." - A wind coming from the east would be labeled as an "east wind.

Amateur meteorologists are individuals who study and observe weather phenomena, often as a hobby rather than as a profession. They may use various tools and methods to collect data, such as weather stations, radar systems, or by simply observing and recording local weather patterns. While they do not typically have formal training in meteorology, many amateur meteorologists are passionate about understanding weather systems and can provide valuable information on local weather conditions or share their findings with communities.

Globe at Night is a citizen science campaign that aims to raise awareness about light pollution and its impact on our ability to observe stars and celestial phenomena. The initiative encourages participants to measure and report the visibility of stars in their night sky, contributing to a global database that helps scientists assess light pollution levels around the world. Participants can use a star chart to identify the number of stars they can see in their area, which provides a measure of brightness in the night sky.

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a prominent research institution based in Boulder, Colorado, that focuses on studying the Earth's atmosphere and related systems. Established in 1960, NCAR is funded primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and serves as a hub for scientific research in atmospheric and related sciences.

RAF Shinfield Park is a site located in Reading, England, that was formerly used as an airfield and military site by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The area is primarily known for its historical significance related to aviation and military operations. Over the years, it has transitioned from its original use as an airfield to other purposes, particularly in connection with technology and business.

"100 Biggest Weather Moments" usually refers to a countdown or a compilation of significant weather events throughout history. These moments could include: 1. **Hurricanes**: Notable hurricanes like Hurricane Katrina (2005), Hurricane Sandy (2012), and recent impactful storms. 2. **Tornadoes**: Significant tornado outbreaks, such as the Tri-State Tornado (1925) and the Moore tornado (2013).

The Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, known in Russian as "Гидрометцентр России" (Gidromettsentr Rossii), is the national meteorological and hydrological service responsible for monitoring and forecasting weather, climate, and hydrological conditions in Russia. It operates under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation.

Molodyozhnaya Station is a Russian research station located in Antarctica. Established in 1962, it is situated in the Queen Maud Land region of Antarctica, specifically on the Ongul Ice Shelf. The station serves as an important facility for various scientific research activities, including glaciology, meteorology, biology, and other disciplines related to polar studies.

Orban is a company known for its audio processing products and technologies that are primarily used in broadcasting, including radio and television. Founded by George Orban in the 1960s, the company is recognized for its high-quality audio processors, which help improve sound quality and optimize audio signals for transmission and live applications. Orban's products typically include hardware and software solutions that utilize advanced algorithms for audio compression, loudness normalization, and signal processing.

Periodic summation refers to the process of summing a sequence of values or a function over one or more periods of a periodic function. It is often encountered in the context of mathematical analysis, signal processing, and fields where periodic or cyclic phenomena are studied. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Periodicity**: A function or sequence is periodic if it repeats its values at regular intervals. For example, the sine and cosine functions are periodic with a period of \(2\pi\).

Potential evaporation (or evapotranspiration) refers to the amount of water that could evaporate from a surface, such as soil or water bodies, or transpire from vegetation, under optimal conditions. It represents an estimate of the maximum evaporation rate that can occur, assuming that there is sufficient moisture available in the soil and that other environmental conditions (like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) are conducive to evaporation.