X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) is a technique used to obtain information about the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a material by utilizing the phenomenon of X-ray fluorescence. This method combines aspects of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and holography to produce detailed, spatially resolved images of the atomic structure. In X-ray fluorescence, when a sample is exposed to X-ray radiation, elements within the sample can emit fluorescent X-rays.
X-ray notation is a system used in the field of crystallography to describe the arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. It is particularly useful in the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from crystalline materials. The notation typically includes the identification of crystal planes and directions in terms of Miller indices. Miller indices are a set of three integers (h, k, l) that denote the orientation of a plane in a crystal lattice.
Computed Tomography Enterography (CTE) is a specialized imaging technique designed to evaluate the small intestine. It uses a combination of X-ray technology and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the intestinal tract and surrounding tissues. ### Key Features of CTE: 1. **Indications**: CTE is often used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, tumors, obstructions, and other abnormalities of the small intestine.
Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis is a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images (slices) of the abdominal and pelvic organs and structures. This imaging modality provides comprehensive information about the anatomy and pathology of various organs, including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, intestines, bladder, and reproductive organs.
Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the chest area, including the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and other structures. This non-invasive procedure provides more detailed images than standard X-rays, allowing for better visualization and assessment of various medical conditions.
Computed tomography (CT) of the thyroid refers to the use of computed tomography imaging techniques to obtain detailed cross-sectional images of the thyroid gland and surrounding structures in the neck. This diagnostic imaging modality provides information about the anatomy and pathologies of the thyroid, such as nodules, tumors, cysts, and inflammatory conditions.
Apéry's theorem is a result in number theory that concerns the value of the Riemann zeta function at positive integer values. Specifically, the theorem states that the value \(\zeta(3)\), the Riemann zeta function evaluated at 3, is not a rational number. The theorem was proven by Roger Apéry in 1979 and is significant because it was one of the first results to demonstrate that certain values of the zeta function are irrational.
HR 3643, known as the "Women's Health Protection Act of 2021," is a piece of legislation introduced in the U.S. Congress aimed at protecting the right to access abortion services. The bill seeks to codify the protections established by the landmark Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade, which guaranteed the right to choose an abortion.
Hercules X-1, also known as 1Herculis or A0538-66, is a binary star system located in the constellation of Hercules, approximately 6,000 light-years away from Earth. It is particularly notable for being an X-ray binary with a neutron star as one of its components. The system consists of a neutron star, which is a remnant of a supernova explosion, and a companion star that is typically a supergiant.
Godfrey Hounsfield was a British electrical engineer and computer scientist who is best known for his pioneering work in the development of computed tomography (CT) scanning. Born on August 28, 1919, and passing away on August 12, 2014, Hounsfield made significant contributions to medical imaging technology. In the early 1970s, he developed the first practical CT scanner, which allowed for the detailed visualization of internal structures of the body.
Messier 15 (M15), also known as NGC 7078, is a globular cluster located in the constellation Pegasus. It is one of the oldest globular clusters known, with an estimated age of around 13 billion years. M15 contains hundreds of thousands of stars and is notable for its densely packed core, which makes it one of the most concentrated globular clusters in our galaxy.
PoGOLite is a balloon-borne experiment designed to study celestial gamma-ray sources, particularly pulsars and other high-energy astrophysical phenomena. The name "PoGOLite" stands for "Polarized Gamma-ray Observer: Lite," which reflects the experiment's focus on measuring the polarization of gamma rays. The main objectives of PoGOLite are to improve understanding of the nature of gamma-ray emissions from various astrophysical sources, as well as to explore the mechanisms behind these emissions.
A super soft X-ray source (SSS) is a type of astronomical object that emits X-rays in the "soft" X-ray range, typically between 0.1 and about 2 keV. These sources are characterized by their relatively low temperatures compared to other X-ray sources, which means that their emissions are primarily from lower-energy photons. Super soft X-ray sources are often linked to certain types of binary systems, particularly those involving white dwarfs.
X-ray astronomy satellites are specialized spacecraft designed to observe astronomical objects in the X-ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. These satellites play a crucial role in studying high-energy phenomena in the universe, such as black holes, neutron stars, supernova remnants, and cosmic microwave background radiation. Because Earth's atmosphere absorbs X-rays, ground-based observation of these wavelengths is not possible. Therefore, X-ray astronomy satellites are launched into space to detect and analyze X-ray emissions from various celestial sources.
The X-ray background refers to the diffuse and persistent emission of X-rays from various cosmic sources. This background radiation can be classified into several components, primarily stemming from: 1. **Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB)**: This is the cumulative emission of X-rays from numerous unresolved sources such as distant galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), and clusters of galaxies.
Allan MacLeod Cormack (1924–1998) was a South African physicist and medical physicist who is best known for his pioneering work in the field of computed tomography (CT). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979, sharing the award with Godfrey Hounsfield for their contributions to the development of CT scanning technology.
Japan's national highway system consists of an extensive network of roads that are classified as national highways, which are managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. These highways connect major cities, towns, and regions across the country. The national highways in Japan are numbered and can be categorized into different routes. Some of the key features include: - **Route Numbers**: Each national highway is assigned a unique identification number.
A "mother ship" typically refers to a large vessel or aircraft that serves as a base or support platform for smaller vessels or aircraft. The term is commonly used in various contexts: 1. **Naval and Air Force Context**: In military or naval operations, a mother ship can be a large ship that deploys smaller ships, submarines, or aircraft to carry out missions. For example, an aircraft carrier acts as a mother ship for fighter jets.
Japan's national highways are a network of major roads that connect key cities, regions, and transportation hubs across the country. Managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, these highways play a crucial role in facilitating transportation for both personal vehicles and commercial traffic. Key features of Japan's national highways include: 1. **Numbering System**: National highways are designated with numbers, typically starting with a "1" for the most important routes (e.g.
Railways in Sardinia refer to the network of rail transport systems on the island of Sardinia, Italy. The railway system primarily consists of two main railway companies: Ferrovie della Sardegna (FdS) and Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (RFI). 1. **Ferrovie della Sardegna (FdS)**: This is the regional railway operator that manages much of the narrow-gauge railway network on the island.