Asymmetric Numeral Systems (ANS) is a coding method used in data compression, designed to effectively compress sequences of symbols while providing a fast decoding process. ANS combines concepts from arithmetic coding and Huffman coding, but offers various benefits over these traditional methods. ### Key Features of ANS: 1. **Efficiency**: ANS is particularly efficient in both time and space. It can achieve high compression ratios while ensuring fast encoding and decoding speeds.
An audio codec is a piece of software or hardware that encodes and decodes audio data. The term "codec" is derived from "coder-decoder" or "compressor-decompressor." Audio codecs are used to compress audio files for storage or transmission and then decompress them for playback.
Average bitrate refers to the amount of data transferred per unit of time in a digital media file, commonly expressed in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (Mbps). It represents the average rate at which bits are processed or transmitted and is an important factor in determining both the quality and size of audio and video files.
BREACH (Browser Reconnaissance and Exfiltration via Adaptive Compression of Hypertext) is a security vulnerability that affects web applications. It specifically targets the way data is compressed before being sent over networks, which can inadvertently reveal sensitive information. Here's how it works: 1. **Compression Mechanism**: Many web applications compress HTTP responses to reduce the amount of data transmitted. This is often done using algorithms like DEFLATE.
Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode (BOCU) is a compression algorithm designed specifically for Unicode character strings. It was developed to efficiently encode Unicode text while retaining an order that allows for easy comparison of strings. BOCU is particularly useful for applications where text is frequently processed, stored, or transmitted, as it reduces the amount of space required to represent Unicode data without losing the ability to maintain character order.
Bit rate, often expressed in bits per second (bps), refers to the amount of binary data transmitted or processed in a given amount of time over a communication channel. It is a key indicator of the quality and performance of digital audio, video, and other types of multimedia transmissions. There are several contexts in which bit rate is commonly discussed: 1. **Audio Bit Rate**: In digital audio, bit rate typically affects the quality of the sound.
Bitrate peeling is a technique used in video streaming and transmission that focuses on delivering video content at varying quality levels based on the viewer's available bandwidth. The fundamental idea behind bitrate peeling is to allow adaptive streaming, where the bitrate of the video stream can be adjusted dynamically to match the current network conditions of the user. The key features of bitrate peeling include: 1. **Adaptive Streaming**: It allows for smooth playback by adjusting the video quality in real time.
Brotli is a compression algorithm developed by Google, designed to be used for compressing data for web applications, particularly for HTTP content delivery. It is especially effective in compressing text-based files such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, making it beneficial for improving the performance of web pages. Brotli was introduced in 2015 and is often used as an improved alternative to older compression algorithms like Gzip and Deflate.
The Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is an algorithm that rearranges the characters of a string into runs of similar characters. It is primarily used as a preprocessing step in data compression algorithms. The BWT is particularly effective when combined with other compression schemes, such as Move-To-Front encoding, Huffman coding, or arithmetic coding. ### Key Concepts 1. **Input**: The BWT takes a string of characters (often terminated with a unique end symbol) as input.
Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) is a simple form of data compression that iteratively replaces the most frequently occurring pair of consecutive bytes in a sequence with a single byte that does not appear in the original data. The primary aim of BPE is to reduce the size of the data by replacing common patterns with shorter representations, thus making it more compact.
CDR coding typically refers to "Call Detail Record" coding, which involves the process of handling and analyzing data related to telephone calls. Call Detail Records are logs created by telephone exchanges that provide information about a call, such as: - The originating number - The destination number - Date and time of the call - Call duration - The type of call (incoming, outgoing, missed, etc.) - Any additional services used (e.g.
Crime is generally defined as an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or punished by a governing authority, typically in the form of a law. Crimes can vary widely in nature and severity and are classified into different categories. The two primary categories are: 1. **Felonies**: Serious crimes, typically punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death. Examples include murder, rape, and robbery.
The Calgary Corpus refers to a collection of linguistic data that was originally compiled for research purposes, particularly in the field of linguistics and sociolinguistics. It typically contains samples of spoken and written language, which researchers analyze to study language use, variation, and change within different communities or contexts. One notable example is the Calgary English Language Corpus, which focuses on the English spoken in Calgary, Canada.
Canonical Huffman coding is a method of representing Huffman codes in a standardized way that allows for efficient storage and decoding. Huffman coding is a lossless data compression algorithm that uses variable-length codes for different symbols, where more frequent symbols are assigned shorter codes. ### Key Features of Canonical Huffman Codes: 1. **Standardized Representation**: In canonical Huffman coding, the codes are represented in a way that follows a specific structure.
The Canterbury Corpus is a collection of texts commonly used in the field of linguistics, particularly in studies related to language modeling, text analysis, and natural language processing. It comprises a variety of written texts that are representative of different styles, genres, and forms of literature. The corpus was originally compiled by researchers at the University of Kent at Canterbury as a resource for linguistic analysis and is often used for tasks such as testing algorithms for text generation, machine translation, and lexical studies.
Chain code is a technique used in computer graphics and image processing, particularly in the representation of binary images, such as shapes or contours. Specifically, it is a method for encoding the boundary of a shape or an object represented in a binary image. Here are the key aspects of chain code: 1. **Representation of Boundaries**: Chain codes represent the boundary of a shape by encoding the direction of the moves from one pixel to the next along the perimeter of the object.
Chroma subsampling is a technique used in video compression and image processing that reduces the amount of color information (chrominance) in an image while retaining the luminance information (brightness) relatively intact. This method exploits the human visual system's greater sensitivity to brightness (luminance) than to color (chrominance), allowing for a more efficient representation of images without a significant loss in perceived quality.
Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) is a speech coding technique primarily used in audio signal compression, particularly in telecommunications. CELP is designed to effectively encode speech signals for transmission over bandwidth-limited channels while preserving voice quality. ### Key Features of CELP: 1. **Linear Prediction**: CELP uses linear prediction methods to estimate the current speech sample based on past samples. This modeling allows for a compact representation of the speech signal's characteristics.
The term "coding tree unit" (CTU) is commonly associated with video compression, particularly in the context of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, also known as H.265. In HEVC, a coding tree unit is the basic unit of partitioning the image for encoding and decoding purposes. Here are some key points about coding tree units: 1. **Structure**: A CTU can be thought of as a square block of pixels, typically varying in size.