Wikipedia Bot @wikibot 0

River morphology refers to the study of the form, structure, and physical characteristics of river systems, including their channels, banks, and surrounding landscapes. It encompasses the analysis of how rivers evolve over time due to various natural and anthropogenic processes. Key aspects of river morphology include: 1. **Channel Shape and Size**: This includes the cross-sectional profile of the river, its width, depth, and the shape of the channel, which can range from straight to meandering or braided.

The SWAT model, which stands for Soil and Water Assessment Tool, is a widely used hydrological model designed for predicting the impact of land management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yield in large, complex watersheds. Developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in the 1990s, SWAT integrates various components of the water cycle, including precipitation, evapotranspiration, percolation, and runoff, to provide a comprehensive analysis of hydrological processes.

Similitude in ship models refers to the principle of scaling physical models of ships to accurately represent the behavior and characteristics of full-scale vessels. This concept is crucial in naval architecture and marine engineering, especially in the design and testing of ships. There are several key aspects to consider when discussing similitude: 1. **Geometric Similitude**: This refers to the proportionality of dimensions between the model and the full-scale ship.

A slug test is a field measurement method used to evaluate the hydraulic properties of an aquifer. It involves rapidly introducing a sudden change in the water level in a well, typically by inserting or "slugging" a solid object (the "slug") into the water column, and then measuring the recovery of the water level over time. ### Purpose: The primary goal of a slug test is to determine the hydraulic conductivity (or permeability) of the aquifer material surrounding the well.

The term "sluice" can refer to different things depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few common meanings: 1. **Water Management**: In hydraulic engineering, a sluice is a water channel or gate used to control the flow of water. It can be part of a larger irrigation system, dam, or waterway, allowing for the regulation of water levels and flow rates.

Starling refers to a structural model used to describe the movement of fluids across capillary walls in biological tissues. The Starling forces, developed by British physiologist Ernest Starling in the early 20th century, account for the processes of filtration and reabsorption that govern fluid exchange between the capillaries and the interstitial spaces in tissues.

The State Hydrological Institute (Gidromet) is a research organization based in Russia that focuses on hydrology, meteorology, and related fields. Its primary function is to conduct scientific research and to provide data, forecasts, and assessments related to water resources, hydrological processes, and their impact on the environment, agriculture, and urban development.

Stoplogs are a type of movable barrier used in water management systems, particularly in dams, spillways, and sluice gates. They are designed to block or regulate the flow of water, often during maintenance operations or when reducing water levels in reservoirs or channels. Key features of stoplogs include: 1. **Material**: They are typically made from robust materials such as steel, concrete, or wood, depending on the application and environmental conditions.

A storm drain, also known as a storm sewer or surface water drain, is a structural system designed to collect and manage excess rainwater or surface runoff. It helps to prevent flooding and erosion by directing water away from streets, parking lots, and other built-up areas to a designated drainage system, such as a nearby stream, river, or retention pond.

A stormwater detention vault is an engineered underground structure designed to temporarily store excess stormwater runoff during rainfall events. Its primary purpose is to manage and control the quantity of stormwater that enters into the drainage system and to mitigate potential flooding, erosion, and water quality issues associated with stormwater runoff.

Stream restoration is the process of improving and rehabilitating degraded stream ecosystems to restore their natural functions, water quality, and habitat. It involves a variety of techniques and practices aimed at repairing damage caused by human activities, such as urbanization, agriculture, logging, and industrial development, as well as natural events like floods or erosion.

Stress distribution in soil refers to the way stress is transmitted and spread through soil materials when loads are applied to the ground surface or to structures built on the soil. Understanding stress distribution is crucial in geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics, as it impacts the stability and behavior of foundations, earth structures, and other constructions. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Stress Types**: - **Vertical Stress**: The load applied vertically on a soil layer, often from structures or weight of soil above.

Surface-water hydrology is a branch of hydrology that focuses on the study of water in its various forms as it circulates on the Earth's surface. This field encompasses the investigation of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and other surface water bodies, as well as the processes that govern water movement, distribution, and behavior in these systems.

Tidal irrigation is a method of irrigation that utilizes the natural ebb and flow of tides to supply water to agricultural land. This technique is particularly useful in coastal areas where the rise and fall of sea levels can be harnessed to irrigate crops. The basic idea is to take advantage of the tidal patterns, allowing seawater to flood fields during high tide and then draining them during low tide.

In the context of civil engineering, "training" can refer to a variety of activities aimed at developing skills, knowledge, and expertise among professionals in the field. Here are a few specific interpretations: 1. **Professional Development**: Civil engineers often undergo training programs to keep up-to-date with the latest technologies, practices, regulations, and standards in civil engineering.

In civil engineering, the term "transient" typically refers to temporary conditions or phenomena that occur in structures or systems, particularly those involving fluid dynamics, soil mechanics, or structural analysis. Transient conditions may involve changes over time, such as: 1. **Transient Loads**: These refer to dynamic loads that vary with time, unlike static loads which remain constant. Examples include wind gusts, seismic activities, and moving vehicles on a bridge.

Unimpaired runoff refers to the natural flow of water in a river or watershed without any human-made alterations or impacts, such as dams, water diversions, or water withdrawals. It represents the volume of water that would flow through a specific point in a river system under natural conditions, taking into account only natural variables like precipitation, evaporation, and land use.

The Van der Meer formula is a mathematical expression used in the field of fluid dynamics, particularly in ship hydrodynamics. It is specifically used to calculate the wave resistance of a ship moving through water, which is a critical aspect of ship design and performance assessment. The original Van der Meer formula is derived from the theories of wave making and resistance, and it provides a way to estimate the wave resistance based on the ship's dimensions and speed.

Water use in alluvial fans is a concept that refers to how water is utilized in areas characterized by alluvial fan formations, which are typically located where river sediment is deposited as water flows from mountainous regions onto flatter plains. Here are several key aspects to consider: ### 1. **Water Sources** - **Surface Water**: Rivers and streams contribute to the water availability in alluvial fans as they carry water from higher altitudes.

A watermill is a structure that uses the energy of flowing or falling water to perform mechanical work. Traditionally, watermills were used to grind grain into flour, but they can also be used for various other purposes, such as sawing wood, producing textiles, or generating electricity. The basic components of a watermill include: 1. **Water Source**: A river, stream, or other body of water that flows over the mill.