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Claude Cohen-Tannoudji developed methods for controlling atomic internal states and motion with light. With Jean Dalibard, he explained how polarization gradients produce laser cooling below the simple Doppler cooling limit.
The essential link is between a spatially changing atomic light shift and state-changing optical pumping. The pumping delays let moving chemical atoms lose kinetic energy through repeated transitions between different light-shift potentials. This supplied a microscopic explanation for unexpectedly low experimental temperatures.[ref]
Portrait of Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
. Amir Bernat; existing Commons crop by Wabbuh. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International selected from the offered multiple licenses; no need to choose GFDL or an older CC license., via Wikimedia Commons. Source.