The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical formula used to calculate the flow of water through pipes, specifically in civil engineering and hydraulics. It estimates the head loss (pressure loss due to friction) in a pipe based on the flow rate, pipe diameter, and the roughness of the pipe's interior surface. The equation is particularly applicable for water flow in pipes where the flow is turbulent. The general form of the Hazen–Williams equation is: \[ h_f = 0.
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