High-pressure science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of high pressure on various materials, systems, and phenomena. It encompasses a range of scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, materials science, geology, and engineering. The primary focus of high-pressure science is to understand how matter behaves under extreme pressures and temperatures, which can reveal new physical and chemical properties, phase transitions, and structural changes in materials.
Breyite is a rare mineral that primarily consists of lead, manganese, and oxygen, with the chemical formula often denoted as Pb2Mn3O7. It typically forms in metamorphic rocks and is associated with other minerals that contain manganese and lead. Breyite has been studied for its unique properties and composition, which can provide insights into geological processes and the conditions under which it forms.
A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a scientific device used to generate extremely high pressures and study the properties of materials under those conditions. It consists of two opposing diamonds, which serve as anvils, and a sample placed between them. The diamonds are typically cut into thin plates, and they have exceptional hardness and transparency, making them ideal for high-pressure experiments.
The term "mantle oxidation state" typically refers to the average oxidation state of the elements within the Earth's mantle, which is primarily composed of silicate minerals rich in silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, calcium, and other elements.
Post-perovskite is a high-pressure phase of magnesium silicate (MgSiO3) that is believed to exist in the Earth's lower mantle, approximately 660 to 2,900 kilometers (about 410 to 1,800 miles) below the Earth's surface. It has a distinct crystal structure that is different from the more common perovskite structure, which is typically stable at shallower mantle depths.
Ringwoodite is a high-pressure form of olivine, a mineral that is primarily composed of magnesium, iron, and silicate. It is named after the Australian geologist Ted Ringwood, who was instrumental in the study of high-pressure mineralogy. Ringwoodite is notable for its ability to incorporate water into its crystal structure, which has implications for understanding the Earth's mantle and the presence of water deep within the Earth.
A room-temperature superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity without resistance at temperatures around 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher, which is considered room temperature. Traditional superconductors generally require extremely low temperatures to exhibit superconductivity, often close to absolute zero (-273.15 degrees Celsius or -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit).
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