Non-cooperative games

Non-cooperative games are a branch of game theory where players make decisions independently and strategically, without collaborating or forming binding agreements with each other. In these games, each player aims to maximize their own payoff, considering the potential actions of other players, but does not cooperate to achieve a collective goal. Key characteristics of non-cooperative games include: 1. **Individual Payoffs**: Each player’s strategy is aimed at maximizing their own payoff, which means they act in their own self-interest.

The "Battle of the Sexes" is a classic example in game theory that illustrates a coordination problem between two players who prefer different outcomes but still want to coordinate their actions. The game highlights the tension between individual preferences and the benefit of cooperation.

The Beer Distribution Game, often referred to simply as the "Beer Game," is a simulation game developed in the 1960s at the MIT Sloan School of Management. It is designed to demonstrate the challenges of supply chain management, particularly focusing on issues related to inventory management and the bullwhip effect. ### Game Structure The game typically involves four different roles that participants assume: 1. **Retailer**: The player managing inventory directly with consumers.

Bertrand competition is a model of competition among firms that sell identical or homogeneous products. It is named after the French economist Joseph Bertrand, who introduced this concept in the 19th century. The key features of Bertrand competition include: 1. **Price Competition**: In this model, firms compete primarily by setting prices rather than quantities. Each firm assumes that its competitors' prices will remain stable while it changes its own price.

The Blotto game is a strategic game in game theory that involves players allocating resources across multiple contests or locations in an effort to win these contests. The classic version of the game typically involves two players who have a set amount of resources (often represented as "troops" or "points") that they can allocate to a finite number of contests. Each player must distribute their resources simultaneously without knowing the other's allocation.

The Centipede game is a classic arcade video game that was originally developed by Atari and released in 1980. It combines elements of shooting and strategy and is well known for its colorful graphics and fast-paced gameplay. In the game, players control a small shooter located at the bottom of the screen and must shoot at a centipede that descends from the top of the screen down towards the player.

"Chicken" is a concept that appears in various contexts, including games, social psychology, and decision theory. In the most common usage, Chicken refers to a type of game in game theory that involves two players driving towards each other on a collision course. The objective is to see who will swerve or back down first. The player who swerves is deemed the 'chicken', while the player who stays the course, risking a collision, is considered braver.

A coordination game is a type of game in game theory where players benefit from making the same choices or coordinating their strategies. In these games, the players have a common interest in achieving a particular outcome, meaning their success hinges on their ability to align their actions with one another. Key characteristics of coordination games include: 1. **Multiple Equilibria**: Coordination games often have multiple equilibria, meaning there are several outcomes that players can coordinate on.

Cournot competition is an economic model that describes anindustry in which firms compete on the quantity of output they decide to produce, assuming that their competitors' output levels will remain constant. The model was developed by the French economist Antoine Cournot in 1838. In a Cournot competition setting, firms choose their output levels simultaneously and independently. Each firm makes its decision based on the assumption of how much output the other firms will produce.

Crab mentality is a metaphor that describes a phenomenon where individuals within a group pull down or undermine those who are trying to succeed or rise above their current situation. The term originates from the behavior of crabs in a bucket, where if one crab tries to escape, the others will often pull it back down instead of allowing it to escape.

In game theory, a deadlock is a situation in which two or more players (or agents) are unable to reach an agreement or make progress because each party is waiting for the other to take action or make a concession. This concept is often used in the context of strategic interactions where competing interests prevent resolution. A classic example of a deadlock can be observed in negotiations, such as labor disputes or political negotiations, where each party holds firm on their position, leading to a standstill.

The Dictator Game is a widely studied economic experiment that explores concepts of altruism, fairness, and decision-making. It involves two players: one designated as the "dictator" and the other as the "recipient." The basic structure of the game is as follows: 1. **Endowment**: The dictator is given a certain amount of resources (commonly money, but it can be points or goods in different variations of the game).

The El Farol Bar problem is a concept in game theory and complex systems that illustrates a scenario where individuals face a decision-making problem influenced by the actions of others. It was introduced by economist Brian Arthur in the context of studying adaptive behavior in economic environments. ### The Scenario: The setup involves a bar called El Farol, which can accommodate a limited number of patrons (say, 60 people) comfortably.

Facility location in the context of competitive games typically refers to a strategic decision-making scenario where multiple players (or firms) compete to establish facilities (e.g., stores, service centers, warehouses) in a given geographic area. The goal is to optimize their own location choices based on various factors such as cost, demand, competition, and customer accessibility.

The phrase "game without a value" can refer to several concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Non-competitive Play**: This could describe games that are played for fun without any stakes, rewards, or competitive outcomes. In this sense, the value is intrinsic and based on the enjoyment of the activity itself rather than on winning or losing.

The Grim Trigger is a concept in game theory, particularly in the study of repeated games. It refers to a specific strategy employed by a player in response to the actions of their opponent. The Grim Trigger strategy is characterized by its severe punishment mechanism for any deviation from cooperative behavior. Here’s how it works: 1. **Cooperation Phase**: Players start by cooperating with each other in the repeated game.

"Guess 2/3 of the average" refers to a common game or experimental economics concept known as the "2/3 of the average game." In this game, all participants are asked to independently choose a number between 0 and 100. The objective is to guess 2/3 of the average of all chosen numbers. Here's how it generally works: 1. Each participant selects a number. 2. The average of all numbers chosen is calculated.

"Impunity" is a narrative-driven video game that blends elements of adventure and thriller genres. The game typically revolves around a gripping story that involves themes of justice, moral choices, and the consequences of actions. Players often assume the role of a character facing a series of challenges, making choices that impact the story's outcome. In "Impunity," players may navigate through various environments, engage in dialogue with different characters, gather clues, and solve puzzles.

A job scheduling game refers to a scenario in game theory where multiple players (or agents) are involved in scheduling tasks or jobs over a set of resources, often with the objective of optimizing their own performance measures, such as minimizing completion time, maximizing resource utilization, or reducing costs. In such games, players may have different objectives, constraints, and strategies. The key components typically include: 1. **Players**: Each participant has their own jobs to schedule and competing interests in optimizing their outcomes.

Kuhn poker is a simple two-player poker variant that serves as a theoretical model for understanding strategic decision-making and game theory, particularly in the context of poker. It was introduced by mathematician Harold W. Kuhn in 1950. ### Rules of Kuhn Poker: 1. **Deck**: The game uses a deck of three distinct cards, usually labeled 1, 2, and 3. Each player is dealt one card, and the remaining card is set aside.

The Lewis signaling game is a theoretical framework developed by philosopher David Lewis in his 1969 paper "Convention." It models communication and the development of meaning in language through the interaction of individuals in a simple game structure. The game illustrates how agents can create a convention for communication despite having no inherent understanding of the signals they use. ### Key Components of the Lewis Signaling Game: 1. **Players**: There are typically two players in the game: a sender and a receiver.

"Live and let live" during World War I refers to an informal code of conduct among soldiers on the Western Front, particularly in the trenches. It described a temporary truce or an understanding where opposing soldiers would refrain from attacking one another under certain conditions. This practice emerged primarily in the context of the grueling and often static warfare of trench combat, where the harsh realities of war led to a certain level of camaraderie, even between enemies.

The lump of labour fallacy is an economic misconception that suggests there is a fixed amount of work available in an economy, implying that if one person gains employment, it must come at the expense of another person's job. This fallacy assumes that there is a limited amount of work to be done, leading to the belief that when jobs are created or taken away, the overall employment level remains unchanged.

Matching pennies is a simple two-player game used in game theory to illustrate concepts of strategy and mixed strategies. ### Game Setup: - Each player has a penny and must simultaneously choose to display either heads (H) or tails (T). - The players reveal their choices at the same time. ### Outcomes: - If both players match (i.e., both choose heads or both choose tails), one player wins (usually designated as Player 1).

Non-cooperative game theory is a branch of game theory that deals with situations in which players make decisions independently, without the ability or willingness to collaborate or form binding agreements. In non-cooperative games, each player aims to maximize their own payoff or utility, often in competition with other players. The strategic interactions in these games can lead to various outcomes based on the preferences and choices of the individuals involved.

The Optional Prisoner's Dilemma is a variation of the classic Prisoner's Dilemma, a standard problem in game theory. In the traditional Prisoner's Dilemma, two players can either cooperate or defect, with the optimal strategy for both players being to defect, given that each player anticipates the other’s temptation to defect. The dilemma illustrates a situation where individual rationality leads to a worse collective outcome.

The term "Peace War Game" typically refers to a type of simulation or strategic game that explores themes of conflict resolution, diplomacy, and the management of peacekeeping efforts. These games can take various forms, such as tabletop games, video games, or role-playing scenarios, and they often involve players taking on different roles -- such as diplomats, military leaders, or civilian representatives -- to navigate and resolve conflicts peacefully.

The term "Pirate Game" can refer to various games that involve pirate themes or elements. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Pirate Video Games**: This includes a wide variety of video games that feature pirates, such as "Sea of Thieves," "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag," and the "Pirates!" series. These games often involve exploration, treasure hunting, ship battles, and adventure in a pirate-themed environment.

The Public Goods Game is a standard economic experiment used to study cooperation and social dilemma situations in game theory. It involves a group of participants who have the option to contribute to a public good, which benefits all players regardless of their individual contributions. Here's how the game typically works: 1. **Participants**: A fixed number of players, often ranging from 4 to 10.

Randomized algorithms in the context of zero-sum games involve strategies where players use randomness in their decision-making process to optimize their expected outcomes against their opponents. A zero-sum game is a situation in game theory where one player's gain is exactly balanced by the losses of another player. In simpler terms, the total utility or payoff available to all players is constant; one player's profit comes at the expense of another's loss.

Silverman's game is a mathematical game that serves as an example in game theory. It involves two players who take turns choosing numbers from a set of positive integers, with the goal of achieving a certain outcome or condition based on the numbers chosen. The rules of the game can vary, but generally, the game illustrates strategic decision-making, optimal play, and can showcase concepts such as Nash equilibria or minimax strategies.

The Stag Hunt is a concept from game theory that illustrates a scenario in which individuals must choose between cooperation and self-interest. It is named after a hypothetical situation where a group of hunters must decide whether to work together to hunt a stag or act alone to hunt a hare. In the Stag Hunt, the following assumptions are made: - If all hunters cooperate and work together, they can successfully capture the stag, which yields a higher payoff for each participant.

The Telephone Game, also known as "Chinese Whispers," is a popular children's game that illustrates how information can be distorted as it is transmitted from one person to another. In the context of game theory, it can represent the challenges of communication, information sharing, and signal distortion. ### How It Works 1. A group of participants sits in a line or circle. 2. The first player whispers a message into the ear of the second player.

"Tit for tat" is a strategy used in game theory, specifically in the context of repeated games, such as the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. The strategy involves players responding to each other's actions by reciprocating in kind. If one player cooperates, the other player will also cooperate in the next round. Conversely, if one player defects or betrays, the other player will do the same in the next round.

Traveler's Dilemma is a well-known problem in game theory that demonstrates the conflict between cooperation and self-interest in decision-making. It involves two travelers who have lost their identical suitcases and must claim compensation from a airline based on the value they choose to assign to their lost luggage. Here's how it typically works: 1. Each traveler must independently choose a monetary value between a specified minimum and maximum (for example, between $2 and $100) to claim as the value of their suitcase.

The term "Trigger strategy" can refer to different concepts depending on the context, such as marketing, finance, or project management. Here’s a brief overview of each: 1. **Marketing Trigger Strategies**: In marketing, a trigger strategy often involves identifying specific events or actions that prompt a response from customers. This could involve automated email campaigns triggered by user actions (like abandoning a shopping cart or signing up for a newsletter).

A "truel" is a term used to describe a situation involving three participants who are attempting to shoot each other, similar to a duel, which typically involves two. In a truel, the participants engage in an interaction where they each take turns trying to eliminate one another, often with varying levels of skill or intent.

The Ultimatum Game is a classic experiment in economics and psychology that demonstrates the concepts of fairness, negotiation, and decision-making in social situations. It involves two players: 1. **The Proposer**: This player is given a specific amount of money (or another resource) and makes an offer on how to split that amount with the second player.

The term "unscrupulous diner's dilemma" is not a widely recognized concept in game theory or related fields, so there might not be an established definition or framework surrounding it specifically. However, the phrase can be interpreted in the context of game theory, particularly in relation to the "prisoner's dilemma" and scenarios involving cooperation versus self-interest.

The Volunteer's Dilemma is a concept in game theory that involves a situation where individuals face a choice to either step forward to provide help (volunteer) or remain passive. The dilemma arises from the fact that while it is beneficial for at least one person to volunteer in order to achieve a positive outcome for the group, each individual would prefer that someone else takes on the responsibility of volunteering. In this scenario, if no one volunteers, everyone may suffer a negative consequence.