Positivism is a philosophical theory and approach that emphasizes the importance of observable phenomena and empirical evidence in the acquisition of knowledge. It originated in the early 19th century, primarily associated with the work of French philosopher Auguste Comte, who is often considered the father of positivism. Key features of positivism include: 1. **Empiricism**: Knowledge should be derived from sensory experience and empirical observation rather than speculation or metaphysics.
Comtism, also known as COMTism, refers to the belief in the significance of the COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase) gene, which is involved in the breakdown of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Variations in this gene can influence an individual's cognitive function, mood, and response to stress, leading to varying personality traits and behavioral tendencies.
Legal positivism is a school of thought in legal philosophy that asserts that the validity of law is not connected to moral or ethical considerations but is instead determined by its sources and formal criteria. According to legal positivism, laws are rules created by human beings and are valid because they are enacted by legitimate authority or follow established procedures, rather than because they are just or moral.
Polish Positivism was a philosophical and cultural movement in Poland that emerged in the second half of the 19th century, particularly following the January Uprising of 1863 against Russian rule. It was characterized by an emphasis on scientific reasoning, empirical evidence, and social reform, reflecting broader European trends of positivism, particularly those associated with Auguste Comte.
The "positivism dispute" typically refers to a philosophical debate that emerged primarily in the context of the social sciences and was particularly prominent in the 1960s in Germany. It is most commonly associated with the conflict between positivist and critical theories, especially as articulated by scholars like Jürgen Habermas and Theodor Adorno. **Key Elements of the Positivism Dispute:** 1.
The Positivist school of criminology emerged in the late 19th to early 20th century as a response to classical criminology, which emphasized free will and rationality as the primary drivers of criminal behavior. Instead, positivism focuses on the idea that criminal behavior is determined by factors outside of an individual’s control, such as biological, psychological, and social influences.
Postpositivism in international relations refers to a theoretical perspective that critiques and moves beyond the positivist approach traditionally prevalent in the field. Where positivism emphasizes empirical observation, hypothesis testing, and the idea that social phenomena can be understood similarly to natural sciences, postpositivism argues for a more nuanced understanding of social realities.
"The Rules of Sociological Method" is a foundational text written by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim, first published in 1895. In this work, Durkheim outlines his approach to sociological research, emphasizing the need for sociology to be treated as a distinct and rigorous scientific discipline.
The "Werturteilsstreit," or "value judgments dispute," refers to a significant debate that took place primarily in German-speaking countries, particularly in the early to mid-20th century. It revolves around the role of value judgments in the social sciences, especially in economics.
Wpływologia is a term that does not appear to be widely recognized or defined in common academic or professional literature as of my last update in October 2023. It seems to be a Polish term, combining "wpływ," meaning "influence," with a suffix that suggests a field of study, akin to "-ology" in English.
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