A Q-ball is a theoretical concept in the field of particle physics and cosmology. It refers to a type of non-topological soliton, which is a stable, localized solution of field equations in certain scalar field theories. Q-balls can arise in models that involve scalar fields with a global U(1) symmetry and are characterized by a conserved charge, denoted as \(Q\).
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For a complex scalar field with global invariance and Lagrangian , a Q-ball is a localized phase-rotating configuration with conserved Noether charge . At fixed charge its real profile can minimizeSuch solutions require a suitable potential and charge range; the complex nature of a field alone does not ensure existence. A common condition is .