Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolay Basov developed a theory of the molecular maser. Their analysis combines a prepared molecular beam, stimulated emission and feedback from a resonant cavity. Oscillation begins only when the molecular radiation supplies more power than the cavity and load lose. Including saturation determines a finite steady amplitude. The calculation connects molecular energy levels with practical requirements for a stable microwave oscillator.[ref]
Theory of the Molecular Generator and Molecular Power Amplifier by Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov. 1956, introduction and generator theory: self-excitation threshold and saturation
A physicist.[ref]
https://quantum-electronics.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/en/16172.pdf. Independent professional profile
Portrait of Alexander Prokhorov
. Nobel foundation. Public domain in Sweden (PD-Sweden, as stated on Commons). Source usage terms, via Wikimedia Commons. Source.
Alexander Prokhorov was a notable Russian physicist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 along with Nikolay Basov and Charles Townes for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which laid the groundwork for the development of lasers and masers. Prokhorov is recognized for his significant contributions to the fields of laser technology and quantum optics. His research has had a profound impact on various applications in telecommunications, medicine, and materials science.
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