Causally minimal nonfaithful Gaussian model

ID: causally-minimal-nonfaithful-gaussian-model

Let be independent random variables with the standard normal distribution and set , , . The complete acyclic graph with edges , , is causally minimal: deleting each edge imposes a false marginal or conditional independence. Yet because , so faithfulness of a directed acyclic graph fails. Nonzero structural coefficients alone do not ensure faithfulness.

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