 Empirical testing of Newton's laws of motion

Testing requires independently constrained force laws, mass assignments, initial conditions and a common family of inertial frames. Defining the net force separately for every observation by $\mathbf{F}=m\mathbf{a}$ cannot test Newton's second law. With interaction parameters fixed, the same equation predicts new trajectories. Likewise, zero net force implies uniform motion within the second-law framework, but the existence and empirical identification of its inertial frames are extra content. Pairwise Newton's third law adds a constraint not supplied by the individual second-law equations.