 Solution

At turbine operating temperatures, grain boundaries provide paths for rapid diffusion, grain-boundary sliding and cavity formation, encouraging creep rupture. A single-crystal turbine blade removes these boundaries, especially boundaries unfavourably oriented across the tensile load. It retains dislocations and can still creep; eliminating boundaries is useful in this high-temperature regime even though fine crystal grains can strengthen other materials at lower temperatures.

Use directional solidification of the cast alloy through a controlled thermal gradient. A suitably oriented seed or a narrow grain selector lets one crystal survive and grow into the blade mould while suppressing competing nucleation. A spiral selector is a common way to exclude competing crystal grains. The blade is generally oriented near a $⟨001⟩$ axis for the intended anisotropic properties. crystal grain selection is experimentally verified by orientation mapping, rather than assuming a directionally elongated casting is automatically a single crystal.^[ref]