Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2021/ii/paper-1/17g/b/solution

Chebyshev inequality states that, for a random variable of finite variance and any ,
Let count triangles, where ranges over the three-element vertex sets and is the corresponding indicator random variable. Then
Two distinct triangle indicators are independent unless their triangles share an edge. There are
unordered pairs sharing an edge, and each covariance is
Therefore
It follows that
when . Chebyshev's inequality now gives
Hence
as summarized by the triangle count in a binomial random graph.

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