Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-year-1-of-the-natural-sciences-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2023/paper-2/17/a/solution

Suppose . The given quadratic form bound then gives
so . Thus the kernel of is trivial. A square matrix with trivial kernel is an invertible matrix, proving the assertion. No symmetry assumption on is needed.

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