 Solution

Follow a perturbation through one complete circuit. The chain rule givesAfter $m$ circuits the linear perturbation is $M^m\delta x_0$. With distinct eigenvalues, the eigenvectors span over the complex numbers, and each component is multiplied by ${\lambda }_j^m$. Thus the periodic orbit is linearly asymptotically stable exactly whenThese are the orbit's discrete Floquet multipliers. Any modulus greater than one causes instability; a unit modulus prevents decay in the linear system, and nonlinear stability then needs further analysis. The finitely many intermediate derivative factors do not affect convergence to zero between complete circuits.