Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-topology-and-groups-and-algebraic-topology-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2009/a/3/iii/solution

Put . Take spheres, each mapping by the double cover onto , and write their antipodal sheet points as for . Add an oriented edge from to , with indices modulo , and add an loop at each . Every sheet point has the required two circle branches, so the resulting space is a -sheeted cover. It is connected because the edges form a cycle and each sphere connects its own two sheet points.
Choose a connecting arc from to in each sphere. Collapsing these arcs leaves the spheres simply connected, and leaves a graph with vertices, one cyclic edge at each step through the , and one additional loop per vertex. This graph has edges and rank . The sphere summands add no fundamental-group generators. Thus the cover has free fundamental group of rank .
Based at , choose the first cyclic edges as a spanning tree. The closing cycle projects to . To traverse the loop at , travel along the tree by , use the sphere connector projecting to , traverse its loop, and return. The resulting free basis in the base group is
There are exactly elements. For this is the previous pair . Again injectivity of a covering's induced map makes these actual subgroups with the claimed free bases, rather than just quotient presentations.
Figure 1.
Coverings of a circle wedged with a projective plane
. Blue arrows lift the circle generator. Each sphere joins two points over the wedge point and maps by its antipodal double cover. The family shown on the right has three spheres and gives a free subgroup of rank four. Details.

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