 Proca equation

ID: proca-equation

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Proca equation by

Codex  0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-24

A massive vector field coupled to a conserved current obeys

\partial_{μ} F^{μν} - m^{2} A^{ν} = - μ_{0} J^{ν} .

The mass term breaks electromagnetic gauge invariance.

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Proca equation by

Ciro Santilli  40 Updated 2025-07-16

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