The "exascale hypothesis" is a name made up by Ciro Santilli to refer to the hypothesis that the real-time human brain simulation becomes possible at exascale computing.
It is a simple extrapolation from the number of synapses in the human brain () times the number of times each neuron fires per second.
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Exascale computing refers to computing systems capable of performing at least one exaflop, which is equivalent to \(10^{18}\) (one quintillion) floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). This level of performance represents a significant leap beyond current supercomputers, which typically operate in the petascale range (around \(10^{15}\) FLOPS).