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A Fermi gas is an idealized collection of noninteracting fermions. In equilibrium, each single-particle state has mean occupation . At zero temperature, states below the chemical potential are filled and those above it are empty.
For a fixed density, the Pauli exclusion principle forces occupation of nonzero momenta even at zero temperature, giving a Fermi energy and degeneracy pressure. A dilute high-temperature limit approaches classical statistics when occupations are small. Electrons in a simple metal and weakly interacting trapped fermionic atoms can motivate the model, while interactions, band structure and confinement determine how accurately it applies. A Fermi gas supplies a reference distribution, rather than a claim that every fermionic material is noninteracting.
A Fermi gas is a theoretical model used in quantum mechanics to describe a collection of fermions, which are particles that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions include particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons, each of which obeys the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.