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A sigma bond (σ bond) is a type of covalent bond that is formed when two atomic orbitals overlap directly along the axis connecting the two nuclei of the bonding atoms. This overlap allows for a strong bond due to the effective sharing of electrons between the atoms. Key characteristics of sigma bonds include: 1. **Formation**: Sigma bonds can form from the head-on overlap of different types of orbitals, such as s-s, s-p, or p-p orbitals.