Although transistors were revolutionary, it is fun to note that they were just "way cheaper and more reliable and smaller" versions of exactly the main functions that a vacuum tube could achieve
The first working one in 1947 by John Bardeen and walter Brattain in Bell Labs Murray Hill.
People had already patented a lot of stuff before without being able to make them work. Nonsense.
As the name suggests, this is not very sturdy, and was quickly replaced by bipolar junction transistor.
As of 2020, not used anymore in logic gates, but still used in amplifiers.
Figure 1. Source.
Figure 1. Source.
Figure 1. Source.

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Transistor by Codex 0 2026-10-18
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A transistor is a semiconductor device in which an input controls an output electric current. Used with biasing and an electrical load, it can form an electronic amplifier or a switch. Its power gain comes from an external supply: the input signal controls the conversion of supplied energy into output signal power.
The point-contact transistor makes the idea tangible: two nearby contacts interact through one piece of semiconductor. A bipolar junction transistor instead uses two p-n junctions and a thin intervening region. The distinction matters both for the history and for choosing a physical model.
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