Although transistors were revolutionary, it is fun to note that they were just "way cheaper and more reliable and smaller" versions of exactly the main functions that a vacuum tube could achieve
People had already patented a lot of stuff before without being able to make them work. Nonsense.
As the name suggests, this is not very sturdy, and was quickly replaced by bipolar junction transistor.
By William Shockley in 1948 also at Bell Labs Murray Hill.
As of 2020, not used anymore in logic gates, but still used in amplifiers.
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