Codex @codex  0

By Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley, printed as A. L. Hodgkin and A. F. Huxley. Published in Nature 144, 710–711, 21 October 1939.

Publisher record: www.nature.com/articles/144710a0

Cited passage: abstract, intracellular recording in Loligo forbesi giant axons. The detailed apparatus discussion is separately sourced to The ionic basis of nervous conduction by Alan Hodgkin.

By Terence A. Brown, printed as T. A. Brown. Second edition, 2002. NCBI Bookshelf hosts the online edition. No separate chapter-author byline is established.

Online chapter and book metadata: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21117/

By Frederick Sanger, S. Nicklen and Alan Coulson, printed as F. Sanger, S. Nicklen and A. R. Coulson. Their listed affiliation is the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74(12), 5463–5467, December 1977. The National Academy of Sciences is the publisher; PubMed Central hosts the archival record.

DOI: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463

Inspected full-text mirror of the same article: nemates.org/uky/425/Sanger.PNAS.1977.v74.p5463-5467.pdf

Online text: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC431765/

Cited passages: PMC bibliographic record and abstract; Full paper PDF text at nemates.org/uky/425/Sanger.PNAS.1977.v74.p5463-5467.pdf; p. 5464, Sequencing Procedure: restriction-fragment primers, heating/annealing, Klenow polymerase, radioactive dATP and chase-omission observation; p. 5464, Figure 1 caption: G/A/T/C lanes, araCTP C reaction, 12% acrylamide, 40 mA, 14 h; p. 5465, Figure 2 caption: ddCTP/all-dideoxy comparison; p. 5466, Results: weak fast T bands, unresolved long runs, comparison with provisional sequence and structure-dependent migration.

Technical education material issued and hosted by Thermo Fisher Scientific. No personal author or publication or revision date is established.

Official article: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/na-electrophoresis-education/na-electrophoresis-considerations.html

Cited passages: Effects of conformation: Supercoiled vs circular vs linear DNA in gel electrophoresis; Figure 1 caption: same DNA in nicked circular, linear and supercoiled forms.

Technical education material issued and hosted by Thermo Fisher Scientific. No personal author or publication or revision date is established.

Official article: www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning/cloning-learning-center/invitrogen-school-of-molecular-biology/na-electrophoresis-education/na-electrophoresis-workflow.html

Cited passages: Step 1, Selection and gel preparation; Recommended percentage of agarose gels for separation of DNA fragments; Figure 3 caption: same DNA ladder in 1%, 2%, 3% gels, same conditions including run time; Step 2, Nucleic acid ladder selection guidelines; Step 4, Sample visualization, Fluorescent dyes.

Laboratory protocol issued and hosted by Addgene. No personal author is credited. Last Update: 20 February 2018; this is an online update date, not an original publication date.

Official protocol: www.addgene.org/protocols/gel-electrophoresis/

Cited passages: Introduction; Equipment and Reagents; Pouring a Standard 1% Agarose Gel, steps 1–7; Loading Samples and Running an Agarose Gel, steps 1–9; Analyzing Your Gel.

By Colin Dingwall, S. V. Sharnick, Ronald Alfred Laskey.

Published September 1982 in Cell 30(2), 449–458.

DOI: doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(82)90242-2

Publication metadata: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6814762/

Inspected article transcription: www.studocu.com/en-gb/document/imperial-college-london/biology/a-polypeptide-domain-that-specifies-migration-of-nucleoplasmin-into-1982-cel/116357524

Cited passages: Figures 2–3 and 5; The Trypsin-resistant Core Remains in the Nucleus after Nuclear Injection, Figure 7. Studocu hosts the transcription; its uploader and Imperial College London are not article authors.

By Joshua Lederberg and Esther Lederberg; the primary byline credits Joshua Lederberg and Esther M. Lederberg. Journal of Bacteriology, volume 63, issue 3, pp. 399–406. Published in the March 1952 issue; received 31 August 1951 is a separate date.

University of Wisconsin is the byline affiliation. The Williams & Wilkins Company is the printed copyright holder; neither role establishes authorship. The journal publisher hosts the scan.

Primary article: journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jb.63.3.399-406.1952

DOI: doi.org/10.1128/jb.63.3.399-406.1952

Cited passages: Full eight-page original publisher PDF text inspected; pp. 399–400, Methods: Replica plating and Figure 1 caption, complete versus minimal replica comparison; p. 401, transfer variability and Clonal occurrence of phage resistant mutants; p. 402, W-1 preparation, serial T-1 replicas, pencil or pin marks, recovery and persistence; p. 403, unexposed enrichment route and negative stray-phage checks; p. 404, Discussion distinguishes inheritance from reversible adaptation.

Institutional glossary definition issued and hosted by National Human Genome Research Institute. Narration credits are distinct from authorship of the glossary definition.

Online text: www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Point-Mutation

Displayed online update: 14 October 2026. No original publication date or earlier revision history is established.

Cited passages: Definition, a single base pair added, deleted or changed.

Institutional glossary definition issued and hosted by National Human Genome Research Institute. Narration credits are distinct from authorship of the glossary definition.

Online text: www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mutation

Displayed online update: 14 October 2026. No original publication date or earlier revision history is established.

Cited passages: Definition, sequence change and germline versus somatic transmission; Narration, descendants of affected somatic cells.

By Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück; the primary byline uses S. E. Luria and M. Delbrück. Genetics, volume 28, issue 6, pp. 491–511. Publication: 20 November 1943, distinct from the received date.^[ref]

Primary article scan: digirepo.nlm.nih.gov/ext/document/101584611X5/PDF/101584611X5.pdf

The National Library of Medicine is the archival host, distinct from the article authors and journal.

Cited passages: pp. 501–502, Material and Methods, host strain, media, inoculum, plating order, incubation and colony readout; p. 503, plating reliability control and Table 1; p. 504, independent cultures and Table 2; pp. 505–507, interpretation, physiological state and delayed resistance. Searchable PDF text was inspected; no experimental counts or illustrations are reproduced.

By Raymond Rappaport; the paper’s byline is R. Rappaport. Journal of Experimental Zoology, volume 148, issue 1, pp. 81–89, October 1961.

DOI: doi.org/10.1002/jez.1401480107

Inspected primary-text copy: citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?doi=67364dd87a0f6e7b9caca2e1bc2185c76b392614&repid=rep1&type=pdf

Bibliographic record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14490383/

Cited passages: p. 81, introduction and altered egg geometry; p. 82, Materials and Methods; p. 82, Results §1 and Figure 1 legend, including the comparison with controls. Indexed primary text was inspected; direct PDF access was unavailable.

By Britton Chance and G. R. Williams. Journal of Biological Chemistry, volume 217, issue 1, pp. 383–393, November 1955. Received for publication 12 January 1955.

DOI: doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57189-7

Primary article text inspected on a mirror: www.researchgate.net/publication/348295119_RESPIRATORY_ENZYMES_IN_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION

Bibliographic record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13271402/

The authors’ printed affiliation is the Johnson Research Foundation, University of Pennsylvania. ResearchGate hosts the inspected copy; it is not the author or original publication venue.

Cited passages: Preparations and Method, pp. 383–385 and Figure 1; Figure 2 and caption, pp. 385–386; p. 386, sensitivity and oxygen-ingress cautions; Endogenous Substrate and Figure 4B, pp. 387–388; Figure 5, pp. 389–390. Isolation details referred to Paper II were not inspected.

By Stuart H. Hurlbert and Mir Subhan Mulla; the publisher byline credits Mir S. Mulla. Hydrobiologia, volume 83, pp. 125–151, August 1981. Received 31 July 1980.

DOI: doi.org/10.1007/BF02187157

Publisher abstract and metadata: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02187157

Only the abstract and publication metadata were inspected; the full methods and data were not read.

Cited passage: abstract, twelve southern California ponds observed over ten months. The allocation account used in this batch comes from Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments by Stuart H. Hurlbert, printed pp. 194–195.

By Marshall Warren Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei; the printed byline is Marshall W. Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, volume 47, issue 10, pp. 1588–1602 (1961). The 3 August 1961 communication date is distinct from publication on 15 October 1961, reported in the worker-inspected PubMed record.

DOI: doi.org/10.1073/pnas.47.10.1588

Primary article scan hosted by Rockefeller University: njc.rockefeller.edu/pdf3/NirenbergMatthaeiPNAS1961.pdf

Bibliographic record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14479932/

The National Institutes of Health is the authors’ printed affiliation; Rockefeller University is the scan host.

Cited passages: printed pp. 1589–1590, Methods and Materials; p. 1592, Table 1 assay footnote; p. 1595, Table 6; pp. 1596–1599, Figure 6 and Tables 7–9; pp. 1600–1601, product characterization, Discussion and Note added in proof.

Protocol: www.merckmillipore.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/documents/477/206/a6012enz.pdf

Sigma procedure SPBAPN02.001, A6012, revised 22 December 1997. Sigma is the institutional issuer; Merck Millipore hosts this copy. No personal byline or original publication date is established.

Cited passages: p. 1 Principle, Conditions and Reagents; p. 2 Procedure and Calculations; p. 3 Notes.

Additional cited passages: p. 2, approximately five-minute recording and linear slope; p. 3, notes 1–2, substrate quality and 40–60 percent inhibition criterion.

Online documentation: web.expasy.org/peptide_cutter/peptidecutter_enzymes.html

ExPASy is operated by SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, recorded as issuer and host operator. No individual byline or publication date is established.

Cited passages: general cleavage model; specificity-model limitations; Trypsin; cleavage rules and exceptions.

Product information sheet: b2b.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/documents/247/610/t1005pis.pdf

Issued by Sigma-Aldrich; no personal byline is supplied. The footer gives copyright 2016, which is not an established publication date.

Cited passages: p. 1 Product Description; p. 2 Procedure and footer.

Online text: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5576768/

By Kristen Bowey-Dellinger, Luke Dixon, Kristin Ackerman, Cynthia Vigueira, Yewseok K. Suh, Todd Lyda, Kelli Sapp, Michael Grider, Dinene Crater, Travis Russell, Michael Elias, V. McNeil Coffield, Verónica A. Segarra.

Published 11 August 2017 in Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 18(2):18.2.38, DOI 10.1128/jmbe.v18i2.1264. Received 17 November 2016; accepted 16 April 2017. The American Society for Microbiology is the publisher; PMC at the National Library of Medicine hosts the article.

Cited passages: Procedure, Materials, HeLa cell washing and dissociation, HeLa cell counting, and the two HeLa cell viability subsections; Sample data, chamber calibration and Figure 3A caption; Discussion, Evidence of student learning—biology majors. The byline gives Bowey-Dellinger both biology and nanoscience affiliations, Elias only nanoscience, and the remaining authors biology affiliations. Coffield and Segarra are corresponding authors; affiliation records describe this publication.

Online text: www.hopkinsmedicine.org/henrietta-lacks

Institutional history page issued by Johns Hopkins Medicine, with no individual byline or publication date established. The institution is recorded as issuer, not a credited personal author.

Cited passages: Opening history of Henrietta Lacks’s 1951 biopsy and the explanation of the name HeLa. The historical date concerns the biopsy, not publication of this page.