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Commuting mixed derivatives impose an equation on the coefficient matrices of an overdetermined auxiliary system.

For $F=(p^2+W^2{q}^2+aq)/2$, shifting $Q=q+a/(2W^2)$ gives oscillator energy $E=F+a^2/(8W^2)$ and action $I=E/|W|$.

A Hamiltonian that is a sum of one-coordinate quadratic potentials plus linear terms becomes a collection of independent harmonic oscillators after translating each equilibrium position.

Hamiltonians that split into terms $F_i(p_i,q_i)$ have $\{F_i,F_j\}=0$ for $i\ne j$, and their differentials are generically independent because they use disjoint coordinate pairs.

The inverse scattering transform evolves the scattering data of an auxiliary linear operator and reconstructs the potential from the evolved data.

The Korteweg-De Vries equationis an integrable nonlinear dispersive equation. Its sign convention here admits negative solitary waves.

Writing a defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger field as $\psi =\sqrt{\rho }{e}^{iS}$ turns it into a continuity equation for $\rho$ and a velocity equation for $v=S_x$, including a quantum-pressure term.

In a common normalization, the defocusing case is $i{\psi }_t+{\psi }_{xx}-2|\psi {|}^2\psi =0$. The sign distinguishes it from the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

The focusing and defocusing equationshave Hamiltoniansunder the convention $i{\psi }_t=\delta H_{\pm }/\delta \overline{\psi }$.

The focusing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation has the normalizationthe positive cubic term focuses the field and permits bright solitons on zero background.

In light-cone coordinates, the sine-Gordon equation can be written $u_{XT}=\sin u$. Its inverse scattering transform, solitons, breathers, and scaling symmetries make it an integrable system.

The sinh-Gordon equation is an integrable nonlinear wave equation. Under the one-dimensional reduction $u=u(x)$ with $z=x+iy$, it becomesWriting $\varphi =2u$ gives ${\varphi }^{\prime \prime }=4\sinh \varphi$ and the first integral

With normalized $Y_{00}$, the radial ground state $R(r)=C{e}^{-r/a_0}$ hasIf the angular factor is absorbed into the spherically symmetric wavefunction, its normalization constant is instead $(\pi a_0^3{)}^{-1/2}$.

For zero orbital angular momentum and Coulomb potential $-q^2/r$, the radial equation is

Neglecting spin, bound hydrogen eigenstates are labelled $|n,\ell ,m⟩$, where $\ell =0,\dots ,n-1$ and $m=-\ell ,\dots ,\ell$. Their unperturbed energy depends only on $n$.

A no-radial-node Coulomb eigenstate has principal quantum number $n=l+1$ and radial factorIts energy is $-e^2/[8\pi {ϵ}_{0}a(l+1{)}^2]$.

For reduced mass $\mu$, the Coulomb length scale is

For two particles of masses $m_1,m_2$ interacting through a central Coulomb potential, separation of the centre of mass leaves the relative-coordinate Schrödinger equation with

Postglacial rebound is uplift following removal of an ice load. It reflects viscous flow in the mantle and elastic or viscoelastic deformation of the lithosphere.

Glaciology studies glaciers, ice sheets, snow, and their interaction with climate, oceans, and the solid Earth.

A planetary ice shell is a solid water-rich layer overlying an ocean or deeper planetary interior. Its thickness can be controlled by thermal conduction, basal heat flux, surface radiation, and solid-state mantle convection.