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Entry I02938 in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is credited; editors and authors of underlying recommendations are not treated as entry authors. The citation gives 2025 for the fifth edition and online version 5.0.0.

Inspected official indexed entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/I02938/plain

Canonical entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/I02938

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02938

Cited passages: Definition; Source; Citation. The underlying 1994 recommendation, p. 543, is cited by the entry and was not independently inspected. Direct entry retrieval failed; the complete official indexed text was inspected.

Entry in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is established. The official citation identifies online version 5.0.0, 2025; this is a compendium version date. The entry cites the Orange Book, second edition, p. 48 as its underlying source.

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05924/1000

Metadata verification: Official indexed entry and citation; direct request unavailable

Cited passages: Definition paragraphs: primary standard, secondary standard solution; underlying source Orange Book, second edition, p. 48.

Entry in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is credited; editors are not treated as entry authors. The fifth edition and online version 5.0.0 are dated 2025.

Canonical entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626

Inspected official indexed mirror: mail.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626

Cited passages: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book), Beer–Lambert law: Official indexed mirror mail.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626: complete opening definition, both equations, decadic coefficient name, conventional and SI units, spectral-bandwidth qualification, fifth-edition/version citation; Entry names its underlying 1996 glossary, printed p. 2230; underlying recommendation not independently inspected.

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/PT07442

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.PT07442

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04468

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04468

An ionization cascade in which electrons accelerated by an electric field produce further free electrons through collisional ionization.

Tunnel ionization is ionization through quantum tunnelling across a field-distorted binding barrier.