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Suppose a transient nearest-neighbour jump chain on $\mathbb{N}$ has uniformly bounded expected visits to each state and the holding rate at $i$ grows geometrically. Thenso the continuous-time chain explodes almost surely.

Conditional on a jump path $(Y_n)$, if ${\sum }_{n}1/q_{Y_n}<\infty$, then the sum of exponential holding times has finite expectation and is finite almost surely.

For $p=n^{-2/3}\log n$, the expected number of pairs of $K_4$ copies sharing a vertex isThus, with probability tending to one, all the $K_4$ copies are vertex-disjoint. Together with sparse clique-count concentration, this gives arbitrarily many vertex-disjoint copies with probability tending to one.

For $p=n^{-2/3}\log n$, the number $X$ of copies of $K_4$ satisfiesand $\mathrm{var}(X)=o((\mathbb{E}X{)}^2)$. Two distinct copies have dependent indicators only when they share at least two vertices; pairs sharing two or three vertices contribute respectively $O(n^6{p}^{11})$ and $O(n^5{p}^9)$ to the variance.

The $p$th de Rham cohomology group is the quotient of closed $p$-forms by exact $p$-forms.

When the converted P-wave is evanescent, its amplitude decays away from the boundary and the reflected SV amplitude has modulus one. The P field stores reactive energy near the boundary but carries zero mean normal power.

If a finite simplicial complex has $f_i$ simplices of dimension $i$, thenWriting $C_i=Z_i\oplus$ a lift of $B_{i-1}$ and $Z_i=H_i\oplus B_i$ makes the boundary dimensions cancel in the alternating sum.

For a primitive cube root of unity $\omega$, the Eisenstein integers form the triangular latticeTheir multiplicative norm is $N(a+b\omega )=a^2-ab+b^2$.

A Gaussian integer has the form $a+bi$ with $a,b\in \mathbb{Z}$. Its multiplicative norm is $N(a+bi)=a^2+b^2$, which makes $\mathbb{Z}[i]$ a Euclidean domain.

A Euclidean function on an integral domain $R$ assigns a nonnegative integer to every nonzero element so that, for $a,b\in R$ with $b\ne 0$, there are $q,r\in R$ satisfying $a=bq+r$ and either $r=0$ or $d(r)<d(b)$.

The two variances areSince $S_2^2\le S_1{S}_3$ by Cauchy-Schwarz, maximum likelihood has no larger variance, with equality when all positive exposures are equal.

Katona's circle method places a finite ground set in a uniformly counted cyclic order, proves a bound for the members of a set family that appear as cyclic intervals, and double-counts pairs of a member and a compatible cyclic order.

Two grammars over a common terminal alphabet are isomorphic when a bijection between their nonterminal alphabets maps one start symbol to the other and maps their productions bijectively after being extended to fix every terminal symbol. Isomorphic grammars are equivalent.

For two distinct nonsingular Gaussian class distributions, vary the class-zero prior continuously. The class-zero and class-one error probabilities of the corresponding Bayes classifier cross. At a crossing they are equal, making the classifier an equalizer rule, a minimax decision rule, and the associated prior a least favorable prior.

If the columns $v_1,\dots ,v_m$ of an $n$ by $m$ matrix are independent, some $m$ by $m$ row minor is nonzero. A nonzero term of that minor's determinant selects distinct nonzero coordinates $f(i)$, and replacing the corresponding standard basis vectors $e_{f(i)}$ by the $v_i$ leaves a basis.

An infinite locally finite connected graph is a transient graph exactly when it supports a unit flow from a vertex to infinity with finite energy of a flow.

For every null vector $k$, put $q^{\rho }=k_{\mu }{F}^{\mu \rho }$. Antisymmetry gives $q\cdot k=0$, so $q$ has nonnegative norm and

A null field has both electromagnetic invariants zero:For a nonzero constant null field, the mixed tensor is nilpotent of index three,

Phase matching fixes a common frequency and tangential wavenumber for every incident, reflected, and transmitted elastic mode.

An obliquely incident in-plane P-wave generally produces reflected and transmitted P and SV waves; SH polarization decouples.