Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 308 1 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Use the Minkowski metric with signature , and write . The Euler-Lagrange equation isFor the static phi-four kink, and , so the field equation is satisfied. The centre is arbitrary by translation invariance, and the hyperbolic tangent profile increases monotonically from to , crossing zero at . The static kink and its endpoint topological charge are
The phi-four kink rises between the two vacuum values and crosses zero at its centre
. Both endpoint values are isolated classical vacua, since only at . A continuous finite-energy deformation preserving the vacuum boundary conditions cannot change either endpoint to the other isolated classical vacuum. The topological charge is therefore unchanged: this kink cannot deform into a homogeneous classical vacuum, whose charge is zero. There is also a direct Bogomolny bound in this sector. The square completion for a one-dimensional kink givesThe phi-four kink saturates the bound, so its mass is in these units and it minimizes the energy within its topological sector. Its arbitrary position is a collective coordinate, not an instability. A kink and an antikink together have total charge zero and can annihilate without contradicting the protection of an isolated kink.
For the momentum, the canonical stress-energy tensor of this scalar field isConsequently the physical spatial momentum density and the spatial momentum flux areThe sign of makes a right-moving translated kink carry positive momentum. Direct use of the field equation, rather than an assumed static field, yields the scalar-field momentum flux identityThe finite-energy field configuration has by . Integrating the stress-energy conservation law over the left half-line gives the boundary forceUnder the usual vacuum falloff, the stress at the left endpoint is zero. More generally, smooth spatial cutoffs with derivative of order remove the left endpoint using the integrable energy density, so no pointwise limit of every derivative at infinity is needed. The identity expresses the force on the field to the left of : positive force transfers momentum to the right. For well separated solitons, a cut between them measures the interaction force on the left soliton.
Take that cut at . The specified symmetric pair has, at the initial time,The printed field profile does not itself specify the initial velocity. If , the exact initial half-line force isFor the intended initially resting pair, or more generally , put and use . The at-rest force for a symmetric phi-four pair isThe leading force is attractive, towards the antikink:The antikink feels the opposite force by the symmetry of the resting pair. This is an initial, large-separation interaction calculation, not a claim that the superposed profile is an exact static two-soliton solution. Without the initial-velocity condition, the additional momentum flux above prevents a unique force from being inferred from the printed profile alone.
