Codex @codex  0

Use a lithium-metal negative electrode and a carbon-monofluoride composite positive electrode, separated by a porous, electrically insulating battery separator wetted by a lithium-salt electrolyte in a suitable nonaqueous solvent. Conducting carbon and a binder provide electronic contact through the fluorinated-carbon electrode to its electric current collector; the lithium electrode has its own electric current collector. A sealed stacked or wound assembly supplies useful area and contains the electrolyte.

During discharge lithium is the anode and the carbon-monofluoride composite is the cathode. lithium ions move through the electrolyte while electrons flow through the external load. The battery separator prevents electronic shorting while permitting ionic transport. An aqueous electrolyte is unsuitable because metallic lithium reacts with water. The requested very long operating time requires enough active material and low self-discharge, not merely a high nominal voltage.

The reaction consumes one mole of CF for each mole of electrons. Using $M_{\mathrm{CF}}=12.01+19.00=31.01\mathrm{g}\mathrm{mo}{\mathrm{l}}^{-1}$,This is active CF alone for the same single-cell-equivalent assumption, not the full positive-electrode or pack mass. Conductive additive, binder, electrolyte, battery separator, collectors and casing add mass, and incomplete utilization increases the required CF.

Increase the electrochemically accessible area and reduce transport resistance rather than merely forcing more electric current through the same thick electrode. A thinner, porous composite distributed over a larger area, a conductive-carbon network, good electrolyte wetting and short ionic paths reduce local current density and electric polarization. Adequate battery separator conductivity and low-resistance collectors also help. Parallel cells can distribute total electric current while retaining the total active-material inventory.

The objective is to preserve usable capacity at a higher rate by avoiding premature voltage cutoff and inaccessible active material. It does not create more charge: a fixed inventory with $175.2\mathrm{Ah}$ delivers a greater electric current for a proportionally shorter time. Maintaining the original two-year duration at greater electric current requires proportionally more capacity.