Down-and-out put 2026-10-25
A European put option that becomes worthless when its continuously monitored lower barrier is touched. The alive state has and no earlier hit. A terminal building block for the Black-Scholes reflection symmetry is for . Its terminal payoff is . The alive price is and is set to zero after any hit.
Let and . The Black-Scholes reflection symmetry gives another solution . Subtracting it enforces absorption:
At the terms agree. At expiry the reflected argument satisfies , so its digital-put payoff vanishes; the first term supplies the required terminal payoff. These facts and the bounded pricing solution's uniqueness prove the formula. The up-and-out digital put price is zero once knocked out.
If , every surviving terminal price is already below the strike, so this is a barrier digital put paying one at expiry exactly when the upper barrier has been avoided. To use the Black-Scholes reflection symmetry, cap the free digital-put strike at , rather than continuing to use :
Indeed, has terminal payoff one throughout the alive region, while its reflected argument exceeds and hence has zero terminal payoff. The barrier values again cancel. Using in both terms would generally leave an unwanted reflected terminal payoff near the barrier.
Writing makes the discounted survival probability explicit:
The price is independent of in this case. Both cases combine by replacing the free strike with in the up-and-out digital put formula.
The Black-Scholes reflection symmetry becomes a weighted reflection after taking a logarithm. Put and . The multivariable chain rule transforms the equation into
For , its left-hand side, after removing the factor , is
evaluated at . Taking makes the derivative coefficient and the additional zeroth-order term zero. Thus
satisfies the same Black-Scholes equation.
Put . The Black-Scholes reflection symmetry maps to , which solves the same PDE. Their difference vanishes at . For at maturity the reflected argument is below , where the terminal function in part ii is zero. Thus the boundary and terminal data of the alive down-and-out put are satisfied:
The killed-domain Feynman-Kac formula identifies this solution with the discounted payoff conditional on survival. For , or after any prior barrier hit, the actual price is zero. The reflected difference is a formula on the alive domain ; extending that algebraic expression to generally gives a nonzero, possibly negative function and is not a valid barrier-option price.
Up-and-out digital put 2026-10-25
A digital put option extinguished if the stock reaches an upper barrier . Under the dividend-free Black-Scholes model, conditional on not having hit the barrier before the current time, let , , , , and
Then its price is
The Black-Scholes reflection symmetry proves the pricing equation, and the two terms cancel at . At expiry the reflected argument is above , so its payoff is zero, while is equivalent to inside the alive region. Thus the correct free strike is capped at the barrier. For , the value is the discounted upper-barrier survival probability, independent of , as for a barrier digital put. For its terminal data have a corner discontinuity at the absorbing barrier. Set the price to zero after a hit; the reflected expression on the other side is not a valid contract value.