Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 15, pp.265–276. Original historical experimental report. The publisher's extract describes very pure waters, carbonate deposits and modification of attack by dissolved salts; online publication in 2013 is the digitization date, not the historical date.
Title page identifies John G. Murphy, Lindsay and Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1851. Cited Nitrogen, p.115: older binoxide formula, name nitric oxide and elemental volume comparison. Other historical physiological claims are not adopted.
Inspected indexed text: Mercury, p.141, bichloride manufacture and following calomel methods. Chemical routes are cited without identifying this as the 1864 British Pharmacopoeia.
Compound 73415808; total elemental formula C8H10K2O15Sb2, corresponding to the modern trihydrate double formula.
World Journal of Chemical Education 7, 45–52, DOI 10.12691/wjce-7-2-3. Cited §2.3 on misinterpretation and complexity of copper-test organic products.
Institutional virtual laboratory, Theory: Fehling's solution, copper(I) oxide and limitations. The separate discussion of organic oxidation products in the solution does not assume a unique gluconate product.
South Lancashire chemical manufacture report; Oxalsäure section records sawdust and mixed alkali production.
pp.424 onward, potassium chlorate manufacture using hot lime and potassium chloride; stirred steam-heated apparatus.
p.77, arsenic-bearing ore roasting, collecting chambers, resublimation and antimony contamination.
pp.209 onward, calomel condensation apparatus and fine powder collection. Historical therapeutic assertions are not used as current conclusions.
p.466, nitric-acid recovery account; opening example names starch oxidation for oxalic acid manufacture.
Polytechnisches Journal 140, p.78. Contemporary report of the March 1856 communication; glycerol, oxalic acid, temperature control and repeated aqueous distillation.
Institutional class experiment: metal-hydroxide colours, solubility in excess sodium hydroxide and separate tests for negative ions. Used to explain analytical principles, not as a record of an 1865 sample result.
Institutional analytical tables. Cited printed p. 203 and associated organic-analysis tables: sodium-fusion screening for nitrogen, sulfur and halogens. This later publication corroborates analytical conversion principles; it is not presented as an 1865 official manual.
Institutional chemical data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cited Physical Description, flammability and Symptoms.
Journal of Chemical Education 97 (2020), pp. 1195–1197. Original experimental abstract: temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors at different heights demonstrate spatially varying conditions and oxygen remaining at extinction. No numerical extinction fraction is taken from this paper.
Extinguishing Mechanism of Carbon Dioxide: thermophysical suppression and dilution. The fire-suppression application and associated health risks are distinct from a small-taper laboratory endpoint.
Teaching goal: acid–carbonate generation of carbon dioxide. The demonstration supports gas preparation and qualitative extinguishing behaviour, not a numerical uniform-mixture extinction threshold.
W. Ernest Thomson, Glasgow Medical Journal 41 (January 1894), pp. 22–38. Cited passage: p. 36, Experiment XLVIII (Physical Experiment), direct comparison of one-third carbon dioxide with two-thirds oxygen or two-thirds air. Only the physical taper experiment is used; the author's therapeutic opinions are not adopted. This is a later primary experiment, not evidence of an 1866 examination observation.
14 April 1865, p.179, concluding review of the Report on the Air of Mines and Confined Places: permanganate interference and caution about organic-matter estimates.
27 August, pp.99–100 and continuation of “On Digitaline”: pharmaceutical variability and colour tests, with specificity limitations.
Digitized primary pamphlet, catalogued approximately 1836, reprinted from Transactions of the Society of Arts, volume 51. Opening pages and description of hydrogen apparatus.
Primary paper by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, Annalen der Physik und der Chemie 110, 161–189. The inspected English transcription describes flame conditions, the slit–collimator–prism–telescope apparatus and comparisons of salt spectra.
Textbook by Henry Enfield Roscoe. The inspected 1868 printing, Lesson XV, printed pp. 131–133, describes the bone-ash and acid-phosphate route to phosphorus. Its printing date is retained, and its account is not identified with a pharmacopoeial formula or claimed to establish every detail of an 1866 official process.
The 1866 first publication is separately recorded in the publisher-facing edition record: Other editions lists the 1866 edition.
Institutional technical evaluation. Cited pp. 5–6, Evaluation Question 1, preparation method (a): potassium hydroxide and iodine form iodide plus iodate; charcoal treatment reduces the iodate. Used as corroboration of the chemistry, not as an 1866 pharmacopoeial recipe. Regulatory passages in the report are not used as present or historical legal claims.
Institutional Experiment 2–3 laboratory manual. Inspected Introduction and Group II discussion, printed II & III-1–3 and II & III-9–10: analytical grouping, sulfide precipitation, acidity and selectivity. No personal author is established from the inspected byline.
Institutional chemical data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Inspected fields: Physical Description, Molecular Weight, Solubility and Symptoms. Modern hazard and physical-property corroboration, not an 1866 exposure standard.
Historical apparatus described on pp.84–85; chapter VI contrasts direct angular polarimeters with quartz-wedge compensating saccharimeters. The indexed page text was inspected; the complete scan exceeds the browser's retrieval-size limit. This is a later technical description, not an assertion that a 1912 book was available in 1866.
January–June 1864, p.80, “Note on the Amount of Carbonic Acid contained in the Air of Manchester”: standardized baryta in 7–10 litre globes checked against gravimetric absorption.
Institutional analytical method. Cited §§1–4 address scope and interferences; §§8–9 address sample handling and quality control; §11.3 and §12.2 specify silver titration, the 2:1 cyanide-to-silver ratio, indicator and blank. The rhodanine indicator is presented as a modern comparison, not assigned to 1867.
Unsigned report of the Chemical Society meeting of 20 June 1867, published on 5 July. It describes the ammonia procedure and contemporary criticism of the preliminary distillation's behaviour with gelatin and urea. The report is contemporary evidence for a method available before the December examination, not a modern guarantee of water safety.
Primary patent specification by Henry Bessemer; cited specification and final claim concern air-blast conversion sustained by oxidation of constituents of molten iron.
Institutional primary emergency-response data. Cited section: Agent Properties, liquid density at 25 °C.
Institutional chemical data published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Inspected Specific Gravity fields: Glycerin, Sulfuric acid, 96–98 percent, Ethyl alcohol and Ethyl ether. Undated data pages as inspected; no modern exposure limits are used in the historical solution.
Joint advisory issued by United States Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Cited section: Decomposition Chemistry, condition dependence, confinement and contaminants.
A primary experimental exposition by Michael Faraday. Inspected text: en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chemical_History_of_a_Candle. Relevant locators are Lecture I, wick, melting reservoir and capillary attraction; Lecture II, luminous particles; Lectures III–V, combustion products. The inspected transcription identifies a 1908 new impression; this is distinguished from the original 1861 publication.
By William M. White. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2013; the year describes the published book.
Pre-publication teaching version, chapter 3, Solutions and Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems: www.soest.hawaii.edu/krubin/GG325/textbook/Chapter03.pdf
The linked chapter is a pre-publication teaching version, distinct from the published edition.
The French work appeared in 1789; the linked English translation appeared in 1790. Part I, chapters III–V gives the mercury-air experiment, oxygen nomenclature and the acidifying-principle interpretation.
Volume II, section III, primary extract. Includes the experiment of 1 August 1774 and the subsequent development of the interpretation. This is not the earlier-volume text reproduced as Gutenberg ebook 29734.
Primary extracts in English and the original German edition. The numbered experimental sections distinguish fire-air from the remaining air and describe its preparation. Publication in 1777 does not date every experiment to that year.
Chemical Reviews 41(3), 441–501. Publisher: doi.org/10.1021/cr60130a002
Section VI, printed pp. 470–474, derives the diffuse-layer theory from Poisson and Boltzmann equations. Equations (43)–(48), printed p. 474, distinguish integrated charge, integral capacitance and differential capacitance. The archived PDF includes two preliminary pages before printed p. 441.
ACS Materials Letters 4, 329–335.
The primary-paper abstract describes single-chain atomic-force measurements and calculations supporting the flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane. It is a modern material-property reference, not a source supplied with the historical exam.
Journal of polymer Science: polymer Symposia 65, 173–192.
The primary-paper abstract reports light-scattering and viscometry characterization of relatively stiff synthetic polymers in solution.
The lattice model treats connected polymer segments and derives the nonideal combinatorial entropy before adding the energetic mixing contribution.
The official terminology section defines the colloidal range as roughly to in at least one dimension and classifies systems by dispersed and continuous constituents.
Manufacturer technical handbook, Form 12004-A, 17 pages in the inspected copy. Printed pp.3–4 describe metallic-lithium construction and two-stage iron-disulfide conversion discharge; printed p.16 identifies the product as nonrechargeable. A web upload directory is not treated as the original publication date.
International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 25(1), 137–144; the inspected issue header is April 2022, whereas the PDF also carries a 2021 copyright and 2020 acceptance. Cite the issue date rather than silently interpreting acceptance as publication. Sections 2–3 specify controlled Cu–Ag–Pb anodes, sulfate electrolyte, electrorefining and SEM/EDS/XRD characterization of slime.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 72(11), 4847–4854 (1950), DOI 10.1021/ja01167a001. The publisher title/issue metadata and indexed original first-page discussion were inspected; direct publisher full-text retrieval was unavailable. The citation supports the historical sulfur-hydrosol nucleation/growth model, not a claim that it has been demonstrated for all nanoparticle syntheses.
Dalton Transactions 51, 9256–9264, DOI 10.1039/D2DT00355D. First-principles study finds weaker iron-carbon interaction with sulfur. Later mechanistic corroboration, not a student answer set for this examination.
Science240, pp.62–63. The abstract describes sulfur-bound hydroxyl-terminated monolayers and the effect of mixed chain lengths on order and hydrophilicity. It provides a direct experimental example for surface-chemistry control.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions 91 (1907), pp. 2001–2021.
Full title: Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 72, 1525–1568, DOI 10.1039/F29767201525. Used only for the general physical surfactant-packing description; no biological membrane mechanics researched.
Nano Letters 18, 3543–3549. Full title uses the alloy formula Al_xIn_(1-x)P. Selective-area catalyst-free nanowire growth and compositional/emission structure; the exam itself supplies its specified wavelengths and barrier description.
Chemical Reviews 116, 10414–10472. Full title: Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications. Used for liquid-phase alloy/core-shell synthetic strategies; no original source figure reproduced.
Liangyu Li and colleagues, Nature Communications 13, 2870, DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-30616-w. Primary demonstration of rechargeable alkaline Zn-air cells; morphology, zincate transport and passivation. This later experiment corroborates rechargeability rather than supplying an official exam answer.
Entry S05501, citing the 1972 colloid terminology manual, page 610. The definition establishes counterion-valence sensitivity; the sixth-power estimate additionally assumes the high-potential DLVO model.
Official terminology entry S06004. Describes dependence of photophysical quantum yields on reagent concentration, including the linear dynamic-quenching relation underlying the Stern-Volmer equation.
Full title: O2 A-band line parameters to support atmospheric remote sensing. Part II: The rare isotopologues. Section 3, manuscript page 4, distinguishes rotational from total and states the odd- nuclear-spin statistical restriction for the dominant oxygen isotopologues.
Inorganic Chemistry 28, 1087–1091. Synthesis of the diphosphaborane and crystallographic identification of an amine-substituted phosphaborane side product. A count of boron NMR signals alone is not a substitute for its positional structure determination.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 196–200. The published title uses bracketed formulas and superscript oxidation states. The original abstract records octahydrotriborate reactions and a borallyl iridium product; it must not be cited as direct crystallographic proof of a different rhodium compound.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 94, 3383–3388. Original diffraction study: four bonded Fe vertices form a tetrahedron; four triply bridging carbonyl carbons form an interpenetrating tetrahedron.
Inorganic Chemistry 12, 2175–2178. Original study of triborane reactions and structural characterization of the carbonyl adduct.
Radiochemistry 59, 579–586. The abstract reports extraction of Ce(IV) and Th(IV) from nitric acid into TBP/kerosene, followed by selective cerium stripping with peroxide and subsequent thorium stripping with water. The publisher identifies the author by initials; no unverified expansion of that name is supplied.
Author or institutional record: arxiv.org/abs/2003.03448
Journal of Chemical Physics 98, 3564–3567. Neutral helium dimers inferred from ionization of a cold expansion; supports the distinction between no ordinary covalent bond and no bound dimer. Author-deposited record: scholarworks.gvsu.edu/chm_articles/6/
Printed page 11 advertises ten years of past papers and suggested answers on Moodle. This is evidence for an access-controlled general archive; it does not independently verify complete worked coverage of the exact 2021 paper.
Primary study in Organometallics, volume 19, pages 4536–4543. Its abstract identifies the open carbaalane with two groups and reports their hydroalumination during conversion to a capped aluminium cube. This establishes that the unsaturated groups are real, but the abstract alone does not establish which electron counting convention the examination intended.
Primary synthetic study. Pages 5220–5221, Schemes II–III, report aqueous hydrogen fluoride conversion of related pyranones into a fused lactone. The accompanying discussion qualifies the relative stereochemistry as a mechanistic assignment rather than an unambiguous assignment from the reported NMR spectroscopy.
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 41, 379–475 (1948), RP1932. DOI: doi.org/10.6028/jres.041.037
Section III.2 and table 12 give ortho–para equilibrium composition and compare state sums with spectral and thermal evidence. The compilation distinguishes fixed-composition normal hydrogen from equilibrium spin isomers of hydrogen mixtures. It supplies institutional thermodynamic data and theory, rather than answers to a particular examination.
A revised question page in the later FOI source copy. Relative to the earlier canonical paper, Q33(b)(iv) explicitly includes the gallium cluster's 2− charge and Q33(c) includes two face-bridging hydrides in the precursor. The later copy omits the canonical Q34 pages; it is not a complete replacement for the earlier paper.
Author account of synthetic work; only the organic stereochemical chemistry is used here, in particular Scheme 2 and its epoxidation discussion.
Primary electronic-structure study of carbon- and hydride-capped aluminium cubes.
Primary structure report of the dianionic gallium cluster with a Ga@Ga11 core and ten ligand-bearing Ga units.
Primary study of mixed copper/lithium amide aggregates; compare Figures 1, 4 and 5 and the lithium-rich exchange discussion.
The article compares orbital symmetries and qualitative diagrams for alternative geometries. Its ammonia discussion, Figures 7–9 and Tables 4–5, contrasts the pyramidal and planar cases.
Journal of Chemical Physics 68, 2959–2970. Gives a correlation-function approach to reaction rates and dynamical corrections to transition-state theory.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 102, 5974–5976. Introduces tartrate-controlled titanium-catalysed asymmetric epoxidation.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition 59, 3195–3200. Reports iron–palladium bipyramids and cubes and their ligand-triggered interconversion.
Organic Letters 6, 2051–2053. Proline-catalysed aldol conversion simultaneously controls a stereogenic centre and hindered amide axis.
Tetrahedron Letters 37, 6759–6762. Reports selective palladium-catalysed hydrogenolysis of gem-dibromoalkenes.
Primary measurements distinguish sulfur/nitrogen capture during base hydrolysis. The article concerns capture by thiocyanate and subsequent linkage rearrangement; it is context, not an official worked answer to this exam.
Primary experimental proposal of an NHC/silyl nickel hydride and insertion/elimination mechanism. Full published title: Modular Ni(0)/Silane Catalytic System for the Isomerization of Alkenes.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 21, 711–724 (1982). Publisher record. Primary text or institutional research record. Primary Nobel lecture reprint; isolobal correspondence.
Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications, 792–793 (1971). Publisher record. Primary text or institutional research record. Original skeletal-electron-pair paper; bibliographic record verified.
Articles were limited to the first 100 out of 393 total.

Ancestors (2)

  1. Chemistry
  2. Home

Incoming links (1)

View article source

Discussion (0) New discussion

There are no discussions about this article yet.

Articles by others on the same topic (1)

Chemistry bibliography by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Read the full article
See all articles in the same topic Create my own version