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Using the idealized CNO cycle law $ϵ\propto \rho T^{16}$ and constant electron-scattering opacity, homology relations for radiative stars giveThese retain ideal-gas pressure support; significant radiation pressure or convection changes the model.

A solar neutrino is a neutrino produced by a nuclear reaction in the Sun, principally through the proton–proton chain and CNO cycle. Its weak interactions allow it to escape directly from the stellar core. Accounting for neutrino oscillation allows measurements of the different detected flavors to test the nuclear reaction power and rates independently of escaping photons.