A phase-mixed population secularly forced by a distant eccentric planet has typical orbital eccentricity proportional to . Consequently a relative speed of order orbital eccentricity times Keplerian speed gives . Comparing specific impact energy with a catastrophic disruption threshold gives a lower disruption radius , up to an order-one coefficient depending on velocity statistics and impact-energy convention. The planet mass sets the secular stirring time, but cancels from this energy scaling.
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