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Two probability measures supported on one compact interval are equal if all their moments are equal. Indeed, equality on monomials gives equality on polynomials, the Weierstrass approximation theorem extends it to every continuous function on the interval, and compactly supported continuous functions determine a finite Borel measure.

Let ${\mu }_X$ and ${\mu }_Y$ be the probability laws of $X$ and $Y$. The hypothesis saysfor every compactly supported continuous function $f$. The theorem that compactly supported continuous functions determine a finite Borel measure gives ${\mu }_X={\mu }_Y$. Hence $X$ and $Y$ have the same law.